B And B Test 4

Front 1

Describe the difference between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers

Back 1

Fast twitch is explosive and meant for quick bursts. Less vascularized, lighter color

Slow twitch is meant for endurance, less explosive. More vascularized, red

Front 2

Discuss what a motor unit is and describe how it works

Back 2

Part of neuromuscular junction, motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neurons axonal terminals

Front 3

Be familiar with the different jobs of the Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles

Back 3

Golgi tendons: measure force/pull of the muscles on the tendons, inhibits muscle contractions when the force is too great.

Muscle Spindles: embedded in The muscles, responds to change in muscle length

Front 4

Describe difference between flexion and extension

Back 4

Flexion is muscle shortening, extension is muscle stretching

Front 5

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Back 5

First area of brain to plan movement. Integrates motory and sensory input. Gets input from parietal lobe. Sends info to secondary motor cortex. It is primary motor cortex.

Front 6

Secondary motor cortex

Back 6

Premotor Cortex: externally generated, Mirror Neurons.

Supplementary Motor Cortex: internal generated cortex

Front 7

Primary Motor Cortex

Back 7

Movements of GROUPS of muscles

Topographic Organization: Homonculus (little man)

Mirror Neurons-Action Recognition

Front 8

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Back 8

Posterior Parietal Lobe: information about spatial location (damage to certain side makes one ignore other side of body), integration of visual, auditory, and skin senses

Contralateral Neglect

Sensory-Motor Disturbance

Front 9

Cerebellum

Back 9

Two Hemispheres, Homonculi (map of body), ballistic movements, timing of movements, maintains movement accuracy, purkinje cells and basket cells, GABA

Front 10

Basal Ganglia

Back 10

Putanem, Caudate Nucleus, Globus Pallidus, Substansia Nigra. (All work together to control movement)

Input comes from Motor Cortex, Somatosensory Cortex, Substania Nigra in midbrain

Front 11

Parkinsons disease

Back 11

Hyptokinetic: shakes and tremors, decreased movement over time

Bradykinesia: slowing of movement

Rigidity of muscle

Loss of dopamine in the Substania Nigra

Front 12

Huntingtons Disease

Back 12

Hyperkinetic movement, random uncontrolled movement that looks planned.

Loss of GABA and acetycholigeneric in the caudate and putamen

Front 13

Stages 1 and Stages 2

Back 13

Theta waves, sleep spindles, k complex, can be consciously aware of things, light sleep, falling dreams

Front 14

Stages 3 and 4

Back 14

Delta waves, higher amplitude and more spread out, slow wave, dreams are less put together

Front 15

Slow Wave sleep

Back 15

Stages 3 and 4, decrease in cerebral blood flow, slower heart rate and blood pressure, dreams are associated with situations rather than stories

Front 16

REM Sleep

Back 16

Beta Waves, increase of eye activity, muscles lock up, storied dreams

Front 17

Discuss the difference between the organizational and activational effects of hormones

Back 17

Organizational influence: effects the anatomical development, physiology and behavior of men and women

Acrivational effects: activating reproductive behavior

Front 18

Describe the process of sexual development after conception

Back 18

Begins week 6 of gestation

Each starts out the same

Each set of gonads has the potential to become testes or an ovary

Week 7, Sry gene on Y chromosome triggers male development

Front 19

What brain structures regulate the release of hormones

Back 19

Pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Front 20

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Back 20

Androgen receptor fails, female genitalia but lack internal organs

Front 21

Congential Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Back 21

Excess production of Androgens by adrenal glands, higher rates of homosexuality for women with CAH

Front 22

Areas of brain that are related to the control of sexual behavior, how do they differ between men and women?

Back 22

Testosterone seems to be the driving force in sexual behavior of men and women. There is activation on the cortex during intercourse

Front 23

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

Back 23

Interpretation of neural activity, no meaning

Front 24

Cognitive view on dreaming

Back 24

Way of dealing with life's problems and finding solutions for them

Front 25

Freudian view

Back 25

Dreams have underlying meaning to them

Front 26

What happens when we're sleep deprived

Back 26

Increased sleepiness, negative emotions, respond poorly on tests of vigilance, executive functions are greatly affected, REM sleep deprivation, REM rebound

Front 27

Sleep apnea

Back 27

Stop breathing when you sleep

More common in men, individuals with a large head and neck, and abdominal growth

Obstructive: blockage of upper airway, maybe tongue

Central: brain stops sending message to breathe

Front 28

Insomnia

Back 28

Can't fall asleep, more susceptible to anxiety and depression

Front 29

Narcolepsy

Back 29

Cataplexy-lose muscle tone in the middle of the day, sleep paralysis

Front 30

Polyphasic sleeping

Back 30

Sleeping more than once a day. Naps have better recovery time and more time spent awake

Front 31

REM sleep

Back 31

Memory consolidation occurs, spend more time in REM sleep when we sleep, babies spend more time in REM for brain development

Front 32

Rest and Recovery sleep theory

Back 32

Produce different hormones and neurotransmitters while asleep, provides evidence we sleep to create depleted resources

Front 33

Adaptive function sleep theory

Back 33

Sleep to avoid danger (but animals with few predators don't sleep much)

Sleep to conserve resources

Front 34

Zeitgebers

Back 34

Cue given by environment for our internal clock

Front 35

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus

Back 35

Regulates carcadian rhythms

Regulates secretion of melatonin: light suppresses melatonin

Front 36

Basal forebrain bundle (anterior hypothalamus) sleep

Back 36

Damage=sleeplessness

Activation induces sleep

Front 37

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Back 37

Low levels of activity=sleep

High levels of activity=wakefulness

Front 38

Caudal reticular formation

Back 38

Induces REM sleep

Front 39

Sleep study measurements

Back 39

EMG-muscle activity

EOG- record eye movement

EEG- records brain waves that are indicative of different waves of sleep

Front 40

EEG waves

Back 40

Beta- alert and attentive

Alpha- quiet rest

Front 41

MAMAWAWA

Back 41

Assumption that men and women are opposite, but men and women are not mutually exclusive

Front 42

Gonads

Back 42

Male-Testes, produces sperm

Female-ovaries, production of ova (egg)

Front 43

Gonadal hormones

Back 43

Androgens-testosterone

Estrogens-estradiol

Progestins-progesterone

Front 44

Mullerian System

Back 44

Develops female sex organs, no hormonal stimulus

Front 45

Wolffian System

Back 45

Male sex organ development

Testes secrete testosterone

Mullerian inhibiting system, causes degeneration of Mullerian system

Front 46

Puberty

Back 46

Hormonal release causes development of secondary sex organs

Front 47

What leads to sexual behavior?

Back 47

Testosterone, women prefer manlier men in times of fertility

Front 48

Hypothalamus and sex

Back 48

Stimulates release of sex hormones

Front 49

Medial Preoptic area (sexual behavior)

Back 49

Sexual motivation

Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus-control male sexual behavior

Front 50

Ventromedial nucleus

Back 50

Controls female sexual behavior

Front 51

Cortex (sexual behavior)

Back 51

Complex aspects of sexual experience

Front 52

Ventral Striatum (sex)

Back 52

Pleasure

Front 53

Amygdala (sex)

Back 53

Role in identifying potential mates

Front 54

Hypothalamus (sex)

Back 54

Different areas= roles in male and female sexual behavior