B And B Test 3

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

Physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes in contact with the body

Front 2

Transduction

Back 2

Light energy being converted into neural energy

Front 3

Perception

Back 3

To become aware of something through our senses, interpretation

Front 4

Hierarchical organization

Back 4

Organization into a series of levels that can be ranked to one another

Lower Levels: most basic process, reception of stimuli

Higher Levels: more specific and complex, like recognizing a face

Front 5

Chemical senses

Back 5

Taste and smell

Front 6

Where are rods and cones located?

Back 6

Rods: retina

Cones: most concentrated in fovea

Front 7

Young and Hemholtz's Trichromatic Theory

Back 7

Three cones each specialized to see different colors, blue (420), green (530), and red (560)

Rods (496)

Front 8

Herring's Opponent Process Theory

Back 8

Cones are specialized to see two complementary colors: blue and yellow...red and green

Front 9

Most common type of color blind confusion

Back 9

Red/green

Front 10

Visual agnosia

Back 10

Specific agnosia for a visual stimulus

Front 11

Prosopagnosia

Back 11

Loss of ability to recognise faces

Damage to fusiform face area

Front 12

Visual pathway that projects to parietal lobe is involved in what?

Back 12

Movement and depth

Front 13

Visual pathway that projects to temporal lobe is involved in what?

Back 13

Detecting the shape of objects

Front 14

What is the blindspot?

Back 14

Area on the retina where the bundle of axons from the retinal ganglion cells leave the eye as the optic nerve

Front 15

What is the fovea?

Back 15

Located in the macula of the retina and provides clear vision. Layers of the retina spread aside to let light fall directly on the cones

Front 16

Retinal Cells

Back 16

Connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells

Cones have low convergence, one to one with ganglion, more specific

Rods have high convergence, 8 rods to one ganglion, more generalized

Front 17

Visual Cortex

Back 17

Located around calcarine fissure. Bottom of occipital lobe

Front 18

3 properties of sound, what do they correspond to?

Back 18

Frequency (pitch) Hz, amplitude (loudness) dB, complexity (timbre)

Front 19

What is perfect pitch?

Back 19

Ability to hear a note and name it

Front 20

Describe location of hair cells in relationship to the basilar membrane and tectorial membrane?

Back 20

Basilar membrane

High frequencies: areas of membrane closer to the round and oval windows

Low frequencies: areas at the tip of the membrane

Front 21

Primary auditory cortex is arranged in a _____ map.

Back 21

Tonotopic

Front 22

Difference between anterior and posterior auditory pathways

Back 22

Anterior: identification of sounds, projects to frontal lobe

Posterior: locating sounds, projects to parietal lobe

Front 23

Cochlea

Back 23

Sensory receptor cells in the inner ear, transduction takes place

Front 24

Round window

Back 24

Natural hole in the bone that links the middle ear to the cochlea

Front 25

Ear canal

Back 25

Outer ear, entry way for sound

Front 26

Eardrum/Tympanic membrane

Back 26

Vibrates as sound hits it, outer ear

Front 27

Pinna

Back 27

Outer ear, sound location

Front 28

Ossicles

Back 28

Middle ear, amplify sound

Front 29

Malleus

Back 29

(Transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus), middle ear, the hammer

Front 30

Incus

Back 30

Middle ear, transmit vibrations to the stapes), anvil

Front 31

Stapes

Back 31

(Transmits to the inner ear), middle ear, stirrup

Front 32

What is the vestibular sense?

Back 32

How we maintain balance. Coordinates movement of head and eyes

Front 33

What makes up the vestibular sacs?

Back 33

Utricle, Saccule, Receptor hairs in gelatinous mass, Calcium Carbonate Crystals (found on top of mass)

Front 34

How does transduction occur in the vestibular sacs and the semicircular canals?

Back 34

Semicircular canal: rotational movement, spinning

Vestibular sac: movement of the head at different angles

Front 35

Describe where vestibular information travels in the brain

Back 35

Travels with the auditory nerve, enters brain in brainstem, projected to pons and cerebellum

Front 36

Five types of sensory receptors in the skin?

Back 36

Free nerve endings (temperature and pain), ruffini corpuscles (gradual infentation-stretch), pacinian corpuscles (largest, vibrations), meissners corpuscles (papillae, vibration), merkels discs (indentation-pressure, adjacent to sweat glands)

Front 37

What influences two-point discrimination for the cutaneous senses?

Back 37

Density of receptor cells

Front 38

What nucleus of the thalamus does somatosensory information travel through?

Back 38

Ventral Posterior Nucleus of Thalamus

Front 39

How is the primary somatosensory cortex organised?

Back 39

Map of the surface of the body, unequal representation of body.

In parietal lobe

Front 40

What is phantom limb pain?

Back 40

Cortical remapping, pain as if limb is still there and fist is made

Front 41

What type of somatosensory info travels in the dorsal column medial lemniscal system?

Back 41

Fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and position sense

Front 42

Type of somatosensory info that travels through the anterolateral system

Back 42

Sensation accompanied by a compulsion to act. Like an itch or pain

Front 43

Ossicles

Back 43

Malleus, incus, stapes

Front 44

Where and what is the piriform cortex?

Back 44

Near the amygdala in the temporal lobe

Relates to sense of smell

Front 45

Olfactory bulb, what and where

Back 45

Filters out smell, located in the forebrain behind the nose

Front 46

How does odor perception occur?

Back 46

Connects to emotions, pheromones send out chemicals, per species, for mating

Front 47

How would the piriform cortex and olfactory bulb be different in an animal with an excellent sense of smell?

Back 47

They would be larger

Front 48

Where are the taste receptors located at?

Back 48

Around the papillae in the tongue? Also in cheeks and all over the mouth

Front 49

What are the 5 categories of taste?

Back 49

Bitter, sweet, sour, salty, yumami

Front 50

Supertaster

Back 50

Increased number of taste receptors

Front 51

How are the receptors of taste and smell different than others?

Back 51

They're chemical

Front 52

What are the major differences between taste/smell and the others?

Back 52

The olfactory neurons go through neurogenesis. 350 different kinds of Olfactory receptors. Taste and smell work together to create flavor.

Front 53

Pathway for taste

Back 53

Primary Gustatory Pathway

Front 54

The pathway for emotion associated with taste and smell terminates in the ?

Back 54

Amygdala