Avian Medicine From Notes For The Gp Cert

Front 1

Question

Back 1

Answer

Front 2

Which side to introduce a crop tube?

Back 2

Left

Front 3

What light is useful for examining a stressed bird?

Back 3

Blue or Red

Front 4

Take swabs from where for full examination

Back 4

Oesophagus Crop Choana Trachea Air sac Cloaca

Front 5

Total blood volume of a bird as a %?

Back 5

6-13% Larger in smaller birds

Front 6

What percentage of blood can be taken from a bird?

Back 6

1% of body weight

Front 7

Sites for blood collection?

Back 7

Brachial (Basilic) Medial Tarsus (caudal tibial esp waterfowl) Right Jugular

Front 8

Acid fast stain for?

Back 8

Mycobacterium

Front 9

Giemsa stains for?

Back 9

Cells

Front 10

Grams stain for?

Back 10

Microorganisms

Front 11

Modified Giemsa stain for?

Back 11

Chlamydia

Front 12

Stamp stain for?

Back 12

Chlamydia

Front 13

Sudan 3 stain for?

Back 13

Fat

Front 14

Features of a heterophil?

Back 14

"Rod shaped, eosinophilic, lobed nucleus, colourless cytoplasm"

Front 15

Features of an eosinophil?

Back 15

"Blue cytoplasm, lobed nucleus, granules evenlyu distributed"

Front 16

Name 3 types of inflammation?

Back 16

"Macrophagic, Purulent and Proloferative"

Front 17

Which diseases produce macrophagic inflammation?

Back 17

"Avian TB, Chlamydia, Mycotic infections, Cutaneous Xanthomatosis, Foreign body reactions"

Front 18

What type of inflammation will be caused by overwhealming bacterial infections?

Back 18

Purulent inflammation

Front 19

Which cell predominates with proliferative inflammation?

Back 19

Lymphocytes

Front 20

Which cells feature in Aspergillosis?

Back 20

Giant cells

Front 21

When would you find macrophages in sheets?

Back 21

Tuberculous granuloma of the lung

Front 22

When would you get a heterophilic inflammation?

Back 22

With acute inflammation

Front 23

The classification of a Carcinoma is?

Back 23

Epithelial

Front 24

The classification of a Sarcoma is?

Back 24

Mesothelial

Front 25

How much barium for contrast radiography?

Back 25

0.05mls / g

Front 26

What should you do before endoscopy?

Back 26

Xray to assess the size of the organs

Front 27

How long to fast before endoscopy?

Back 27

3 hrs to avoid reflux

Front 28

What size endoscope is useful?

Back 28

2.7mm

Front 29

Risks with avian endoscopy?

Back 29

"Ruptured liver and bleeding. If bleeds, raise head 45 degrees to avoid blood in lungs"

Front 30

GLDH is very specific for?

Back 30

Liver Cell Necrosis. Is in the mitochondria for hepatic cells

Front 31

GGT useful for ?

Back 31

Bile stasis

Front 32

Bile acids increase with?

Back 32

Reduced liver function

Front 33

Birds with no gall bladder are?

Back 33

"Pigeons, Parrots, Ostriches and Rheas"

Front 34

Fasting is necessary to check Bile acids in birds with?

Back 34

No gall bladder

Front 35

Bilirubin is useful for?

Back 35

Obstructive jaundice

Front 36

Interpret Calcium in conjunction with?

Back 36

Albumin

Front 37

Which calclium is more accurate?

Back 37

Ionised

Front 38

Hypocalcaemia common in which bird?

Back 38

African Grey

Front 39

Urea useful for what?

Back 39

Assessing hydration

Front 40

How many times more efficient is the avian pulmonary system ?

Back 40

10 times more efficient that mammals

Front 41

Features of the avian lung?

Back 41

"Fixed to roof of thorax, less distensible, thinner blood-air barrier"

Front 42

How many air sacs?

Back 42

8 (80% volume capacity)

Front 43

Which are the unpaired air sacs?

Back 43

Cervical and Clavicular

Front 44

Name the paired air sacs?

Back 44

"Cranial Thoracic, Caudal thoracic and abdominal"

Front 45

Why are air sacs susceptible to aspergillosis?

Back 45

Poor vascularity

Front 46

A feature of airflow in birds?

Back 46

Unidirectional. There are aerodynamic valves at junctions of bronchi and parabronchi

Front 47

Air flow sequence?

Back 47

trachea to syrinx to primary to secondary to tertiary bronchi or parabronchi to air sacs

Front 48

Site of gas exchange?

Back 48

Parabronchi or tertiary bronchi. A network of sacs and capillaries.

Front 49

What is Insufflation?

Back 49

Air sac perfusion

Front 50

What can induce apnoe in waterfowl on induction?

Back 50

The diving reflex

Front 51

What will help dilate the pupil of an avian eye?

Back 51

Insufflation

Front 52

How long can an air sac tube be left in situ?

Back 52

3 weeks

Front 53

Intubate above what size?

Back 53

100gms

Front 54

Where is the rimma glottis?

Back 54

Caudal tongue

Front 55

What is the Crista ventralis?

Back 55

A horn like projection acros the lumen of the glottis that can prevent intubation

Front 56

Which birds have a Crista ventralis?

Back 56

"Penguins, Hornbills, Toucans, Some gulls"

Front 57

When should you pre oxygenate a bird for GA?

Back 57

With pre existing respiratory disease

Front 58

When should you delay a GA?

Back 58

If PCV less than 20% or if renal impaired

Front 59

Which part of airway is affected if dyspnoea and cyanosis?

Back 59

Lungs

Front 60

Which part of airway with a change in voice?

Back 60

Syrinx. Syringeal aspergillosis

Front 61

Signs if infection just in the air sac?

Back 61

"Malaise, Inappetance. Not necessarily dyspnoeic."

Front 62

Fluid rate in birds?

Back 62

50ml / kg (can give 10ml/kg as a bolus before GA)

Front 63

When can you repeat a blood transfusion?

Back 63

After 1 week. Dont have to cross match.

Front 64

When to give blood?

Back 64

If PCV less than 20%

Front 65

Which vein to give iv fluids?

Back 65

Ulnar vein or superficial basilic

Front 66

What weight not to fast a bird for GA?

Back 66

Less than 200g

Front 67

How long an interval without food before develop hypoglycaemia?

Back 67

3 hours

Front 68

In which birds is buprenoprphine ineffective?

Back 68

Psittacines

Front 69

Are steroids safe in birds?

Back 69

No. Use with care. No more than 48hrs worth. Use short acting.

Front 70

What drug is effective for feather plucking?

Back 70

Clomipramine. 1mg/kg po

Front 71

Which cases would you NOT use domitor and letamine?

Back 71

"Obese, cardiac and renal impaired"

Front 72

What is Telazol?

Back 72

Tiletamine and Zolazepam. Has been used orally in buzzards.

Front 73

Propofol in birds?

Back 73

No

Front 74

When not to use Nitrous oxide?

Back 74

Respiratory disease

Front 75

Circuits to use in birds?

Back 75

Ayres T and Mini Bain

Front 76

Is the eye position useful for monitoring?

Back 76

No. Its fixed.

Front 77

Corneal reflex for GA monitoring?

Back 77

Yes. Slow but present.

Front 78

Can resp rate be used for anaesthetic monitoring?

Back 78

Not consistent. Can be fast wehn light and deep

Front 79

Use of pulse oximeter in birds?

Back 79

Use with caution. Monitor Trends and changes.

Front 80

Is a capnograph useful for monitoring?

Back 80

YES

Front 81

How soon should a budgie eat after GA?

Back 81

Within 30 mins otherwise crop feed

Front 82

Emergencies during a GA?

Back 82

"Doxapram, Pull tongue, adrenalin"

Front 83

2 Parasites in the oral cavity of birds?

Back 83

Capillaria and Trichomonas

Front 84

3 viruses in oral cavity of birds?

Back 84

"Pox virus, Herpes virus and Psittacine Beak and Feather disease virus"

Front 85

Gizzard worm know as?

Back 85

Amidostomum

Front 86

Name 6 GIT bacteria?

Back 86

"Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Yersinia, Megabacteria and Mycobacteria"

Front 87

Name 6 GIT virus infections?

Back 87

"Papillomata, PBFD, Adenovirus, Rotavirus, Psittacine Proventricular Dilation and Polyomavirus"

Front 88

Lymphoplasmic ganglioneuritis and encephalitis also known as?

Back 88

PPDS

Front 89

Mesenteric ganglioneuritis also know as?

Back 89

PPDS

Front 90

How to control PRDS?

Back 90

"Closed collections, Hygiene, Keep in isolation for years and PCR testing"

Front 91

What age can a bird get PPDS?

Back 91

From 10 weeks to 17 years!!

Front 92

What caused PPDS?

Back 92

A Borna Virus or rather the Immune reaction to the virus

Front 93

What is used to treat PPDS?

Back 93

COX2 nsaids. Ideally Cellebrex

Front 94

What species of bird can get PPDS?

Back 94

"Many Psittacines, Toucans, Canaries, Finches, Spoonbills and Canadian Geese"

Front 95

What tests can be used for PPDS?

Back 95

"Antigen PCR, Serology and check for Leucocytosis. Also xrays"

Front 96

Signs of PPDS?

Back 96

"Anorexia, depression, undigested food in faeces, regurgitation of food, CNS signs (abnormal head movements, ataxia, siezures, proprioceptive reflexes)"

Front 97

What is damaged with PPDS?

Back 97

Autonomic ganglia

Front 98

What is the incubation period for PPDS?

Back 98

Up to 4 years!

Front 99

Differentials for PPDS?

Back 99

"Megabacteria, Parasites, Heavy metal poisoning, neoplasia, FB, Yeasts, Viruses and Vit E def"

Front 100

What is PBFD?

Back 100

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Front 101

What casues PBFD?

Back 101

A Circovirus

Front 102

How long outside the host can PBFD virus last?

Back 102

2 years

Front 103

How many forms of PBFD are there?

Back 103

"3. Acute form, Intermediate form and Chronic form"

Front 104

What are the signs of the acute form of PBFD?

Back 104

"Neonates in the growing phase, some found dead, most get 90% feather damage within a week"

Front 105

What are the signs of the intermediate form of PBFD?

Back 105

"Bird is weak, some feather dystrophy, marked leucopaenia. African Greys 2-9 months."

Front 106

Which is the commonest form of PBFD?

Back 106

Intermediate form

Front 107

What are the signs of the chronic form of PBFD?

Back 107

"Mature birds, powder down feather afected first, shiny beaks, dystrophic feathers stop growing as they emerge from follice, Progressive Immunosuppression, Lymphocytosis"

Front 108

In which birds does PBFD occur naturally?

Back 108

Free living Australian cockatoos

Front 109

How do you diagnose PBFD?

Back 109

"PCR of feather pulp, blood and faeces"

Front 110

What do you do if you get a positive PCR for PBFD?

Back 110

Isolate the bird and retest. If still positive PTS

Front 111

What treatment has been tried for PBFD?

Back 111

Avian interferon

Front 112

What are the signs of avian upper respiratory disease?

Back 112

"Inflammed cere, neck stretching, exercise intolerance, dysponoea, open mouthed breathing, nasal plugs, peri orbital swelling, head shaking, epiphora"

Front 113

Name two diseases of Psittacines that often causue URT disease?

Back 113

Chlamydiosis and Chronic malnutrition (excess of seeds)

Front 114

What are the signs of lower respiratory tract disease?

Back 114

"Voice change, dyspnoea, tail bobbing, cough, difficult inspiration and expiration, inappetance and vomiting"

Front 115

What organism causes Psitticosis?

Back 115

Chlamydophila psittaci

Front 116

What is Chlamydophila psittaci?

Back 116

An obligate intracellular parasite capable of trasmission via cell mitosis

Front 117

Which bird is most commonly affected by Psittacosis?

Back 117

Cockatiels

Front 118

How many serovars of psittacosis are there?

Back 118

"5. psittacine, 2 x pigeon, duck and turkey"

Front 119

From what can a bird become infected with psittacosis

Back 119

"faeces, feather dust"

Front 120

How long is the incubation period for psittacosis

Back 120

5-7 days

Front 121

What are the signs of psittacosis in humans?

Back 121

"anorexia, nausea, photophobia, chest pain, vomiting, pneumonia, headache, spike fevers, night sweats"

Front 122

What are the signs of psittacosis in birds?

Back 122

"Often latent for years, respiratory signs, conjunctivitis, fluffed up appearance, Lime green diarrhoea"

Front 123

How is psittacosis diagnosed?

Back 123

"PCR (batched faecal), Immunocomb (in house), ELISA (Clearview, Rapid Chlam, Surecell but can get false positives)"

Front 124

How soon after antibiotics can a bird be PCR negative for psittacosis?

Back 124

48 hours

Front 125

What is the best available test for psittacosis in house?

Back 125

Immunocomb

Front 126

What blood changes might you expect with psittacosis?

Back 126

"Raise liver enzymes, raised fibrinogen and raised WBCc"

Front 127

What organ do you need to diagnose psittacosis from an impression smear?

Back 127

spleen

Front 128

Name 2 antibiotics used to treat psittacosis?

Back 128

Doxycycline for 45 days and Azithromycin

Front 129

Anatomy of the avian nasal cavity?

Back 129

"2 halves, 3 segments (conchest) into sinuses"

Front 130

"What will cause squamous cell metaplasia, hyperkeratosis and sterile abscesses in the nasal, choanal and lingual area?"

Back 130

"Vit A deficiency. Treat with 30,000 IU every 3 weeks"

Front 131

With an avian sinus infection what can you flush with?

Back 131

Baytril 0.75ml in 20mls saline

Front 132

What is a rhinolith?

Back 132

A marked proliferation of the cere

Front 133

What is the long term consequence of a sinus infection?

Back 133

Lysis

Front 134

Name 3 birds that are particularly susceptible to aspergillosis?

Back 134

"African Grey, Amazon Parrot and Cockatoo"

Front 135

What is Syngamus trachea?

Back 135

Gape worm

Front 136

In which bords are the gape worm more common?

Back 136

Ground birds

Front 137

What intermediate transport hosts are involved with the gape worm?

Back 137

"Earthworms, slugs and snails"

Front 138

What is Sterrastoma tracheocolum?

Back 138

Air Sac Mite

Front 139

"What are Serratopiculum, Cyathostoma and Trichomonas and what system do they infect?"

Back 139

Respiratory parasites.

Front 140

How can a bird get aspiration pneumonia?

Back 140

Crop Feeding and after a GA

Front 141

What is the prognosis for aspiration pneumonia?

Back 141

Poor

Front 142

Above what temperature is teflon released from non stick cookware?

Back 142

>280 degrees C

Front 143

Features about nebulisation?

Back 143

"Ionising is best, less than 0.5 microns, 5 times per day, 20 mins"

Front 144

What might cause a budgie to have a click sound on inspiration?

Back 144

Iodine deficiency from feeding low grade seeds

Front 145

Excessive egg laying will eventually cause?

Back 145

Osteoporosis and malnutrition. Prone to yolk peritonitis.

Front 146

What can be done to prevent excessive egg laying?

Back 146

"Dont remove the eggs, reduce photoperiod to 8 hrs/d, remove the nest, remove toys, change environment, reduce energy of feed."

Front 147

Treatment for excessive egg laying?

Back 147

"Salpingohysterectomy, Suprelorin every 12-18 months, HCG, Leuoprolide acetate every 2 weeks for 3 doses"

Front 148

Why would a bird get egg binding?

Back 148

Torsion of the oviduct or fluid deficiency

Front 149

How would you diagnose egg binding?

Back 149

xray WBCc and Ca

Front 150

What treatments are available for an egg bound bird?

Back 150

"Fluids, Calcium, wrming, surgery (drain and implode). Oxytocin is ineffective."

Front 151

Any treatment options for egg peritonitis?

Back 151

Coelomic draining and hyaluronidase lavage. But adhesions.

Front 152

Name 2 viruses involbed in cloacitis?

Back 152

Herpes (oncogenic) and Papilloma

Front 153

How would you treat a cloacal prolapse?

Back 153

Cloacopexy and cloacoplasty

Front 154

Name some parasitic causes of feather plucking?

Back 154

"Mites and lice, but uncommon. White sheet at night. Also a type 4 hypersensitivity."

Front 155

Name som allergic causes of feather plucking?

Back 155

Food (sunflower) House dust and aspergillosis

Front 156

Name some environmental causes of feather plucking?

Back 156

"Smoke, too dry (central heating), excessive daylight (cover up)"

Front 157

Name some metabolic causes of feather plucking?

Back 157

"Septicaemia, psittacosis, liver dz, hypothyroidism (cockatiel)"

Front 158

Toxic causes of feather plucking?

Back 158

Lead and Zinc (cheap cages)

Front 159

Main infectious cause of feather plucking?

Back 159

PBFD

Front 160

Name some psycological causes of feather plucking?

Back 160

"Boredom, attention seeking, stress, sexual frustration, OCD, trauma and pain"

Front 161

What types of toys should you give a parrot?

Back 161

"Climbing, Chewing, Foot and Puzzle"

Front 162

What drugs can be used to alleviate stress in a bird that is feather plucking?

Back 162

"Haloperidol, Prozac and Clomipramine"

Front 163

What relationship should an owner have with its bird?

Back 163

Parent Child or Leader Follower

Front 164

What commands should a bird learn to obey?

Back 164

"Up, Down, No and OK"

Front 165

What percentage of time is spent preening?

Back 165

20%

Front 166

What percentage of time is spent playing?

Back 166

30%

Front 167

What percentage of time is spent flying for food?

Back 167

50%

Front 168

In wild raptors the commonest fractures involve?

Back 168

Wing 86%

Front 169

In captive raptors commonest fracture involves?

Back 169

Leg (tibiotarsus) 82%

Front 170

What organism may be involved in an avian fracture?

Back 170

Mycobacterium avium

Front 171

What is a fracture of the tibiotarsus?

Back 171

Fracture at the junction of 1st and 2nd third of tibiotarsus 3mm from the crest

Front 172

When might a fractured tibiotarsus occur?

Back 172

First week on perch with Jessies

Front 173

How might you repair a fracture tibiotarsus?

Back 173

Multiple intramedullary stacked pins

Front 174

Which is the commonest throacic limb fracture?

Back 174

Coroacoid Furcula Scapula. Esp Sparrowhawk (French windows)

Front 175

How would you repair a fracture thoracic limb?

Back 175

"<300g Immobilise the wing, Over 300g internal fixation."

Front 176

Which is the commonest bone fractured in the wild bird?

Back 176

Proximal Humerus. Esp Northern Goshawk and N Sparrowhawk

Front 177

Why should you not flush the surgical site when repairing a fractured humerus?

Back 177

Pneumatised with clavicular air sac.

Front 178

What type of fixator might be used for a fractured humerus?

Back 178

Hybrid

Front 179

What percentage of mid shaft humerus fractures are compound?

Back 179

60%

Front 180

What prognosis would you give for an elbow dislocation?

Back 180

Poor

Front 181

How would you repair a fractured radius?

Back 181

Intramedullary pin

Front 182

How would you treat a fractured ulna?

Back 182

Cage rest and wing rest 3 weeks

Front 183

What is synostosis and how would you treat?

Back 183

Fusion of radius and ulna after fracture. Cut and insert fat pad to prevent reforming.

Front 184

How might you repair a fractured pelvic limb?

Back 184

Rush pins

Front 185

Normal fluid requirement for a bird?

Back 185

50ml/kg/d

Front 186

If a bird is sick what fluid replacement might you give?

Back 186

"Assume 10% dehydrated. Replace half plus daily requirement in days 1, then quarter plus DR day 2 and quarter plus DR day 3."

Front 187

What formula can you sue to calculate a drug dose?

Back 187

E (dose) = [W in gms / 100] to the power 0.75 multiplied by D (dose for cat/dog in mg/kg)

Front 188

What percentage of problems in birds are husbandry or managment?

Back 188

75%

Front 189

What are and what causes frett marks?

Back 189

Lines on feather. Stress disease steroids

Front 190

What might cause deaths of canaries at fledging?

Back 190

Toxoplasma. Look for big liver. Do impression smear of liver.

Front 191

Best insurance for birds?

Back 191

Golden Valley

Front 192

Name 2 diseases you might consider with a distended crop?

Back 192

Heavy metal poisoning and PPDS

Front 193

What viral diseases might you consider with cloanal papilloma?

Back 193

Herpes (oncogenic) and Papilloma

Front 194

How much blood can you take?

Back 194

1% of body weight.

Front 195

What blood tube would you use for lead analysis?

Back 195

EDTA

Front 196

What would you use to check for zinc?

Back 196

Polypropaline. Non rubber syringe.

Front 197

How much more efficient is the avian gas exchange?

Back 197

10 times more efficient that mammals

Front 198

What is the choana?

Back 198

Slit in the roof of the mouth

Front 199

What night cause a wider than normal choana?

Back 199

"Vit A deficiency. Treat with 30,000 IU every 3 weeks"

Front 200

What would cause a squamous metaplasia of the salivary gland?

Back 200

"Vit A deficiency. Treat with 30,000 IU every 3 weeks"

Front 201

Can you overinflate a bird?

Back 201

No

Front 202

Avian cardiac arrest usually ocurs after?

Back 202

3 minutes of apnoea

Front 203

What dilution of F10 to treat fungal infections and eye infections?

Back 203

1 to 1000

Front 204

What is a Nao Bow counting chamber?

Back 204

WBC counting chamber. A+b+c+d divided by 20 - WBCc. Use Res Eckers stain.

Front 205

Which is the onlymobile vertebrae?

Back 205

L3

Front 206

A normal proventricum isless than 47% of?

Back 206

the length of the sternum

Front 207

Kidney enlargement puts pressure on which nerve to cause paresis?

Back 207

Sciatic

Front 208

What infections would you consider with an enlarged spleen?

Back 208

"Aspergillosis, TB and psittacosis"

Front 209

The heart width should be less than 50% the width of?

Back 209

the chest

Front 210

What is polyostosis?

Back 210

Solid bones

Front 211

When does polyostosis occur?

Back 211

"Prior to breeding, dominant bird imprinted to human, hepatic lipidosis. Usually females."

Front 212

What diet would cause artherosclerosis?

Back 212

A high seed diet

Front 213

Why can you get aspergillosisin some bones?

Back 213

Becasue they are pneumatic (eg. Humerus)

Front 214

What would air sac lines on an xray indicate?

Back 214

Air Sacculitis

Front 215

Between which ribs would you enter with an endoscope?

Back 215

"Left side, between 7th and 8th ribs, caudal to sternum medial to pubis."

Front 216

What disease might be induced using steroids?

Back 216

Diabetes

Front 217

Which compounds should you avoid in birds?

Back 217

"Anything with aine. Eg. Lignocaine, amethocaine, procain"

Front 218

What percentage of seed diets have aspergillosis?

Back 218

40-60%

Front 219

What can cause acute respiratory distress and death?

Back 219

"Fabreeze, Shake and vacc and aerosols"

Front 220

Most human cases of psittacosis come from which birds?

Back 220

Ducks and pigeons

Front 221

What percentage of parrots in the UK have psittacosis?

Back 221

30%

Front 222

Which bird species should you NOT use Itraconazole?

Back 222

African Grey. Its toxic

Front 223

How long should you use F10 nebulisation?

Back 223

2 months

Front 224

Another name for Macaw Wasting disease?

Back 224

PPDS

Front 225

What causes Pacheco disease?

Back 225

A psittacine specific herpes virus

Front 226

Which birds are most affected by Pacheco disease?

Back 226

Macaws and Amazons

Front 227

Is Avian Influenza more commonin wild or captive birds?

Back 227

Wild

Front 228

Clinical signs of Pacheco disease?

Back 228

"Sudden death (eg. In quarantine station) . Also depressed, watery green to bronze faeces. Some CNS signs. Multiple necrotic foci in liver and spleen."

Front 229

Name 2 notifiable diseases?

Back 229

Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza

Front 230

What causes Newcastle disease?

Back 230

Avian Paramyxovirus (PMV-1)

Front 231

Birds are left or right?

Back 231

Left. Left kidney. Left jugular.

Front 232

What is the Apteriae?

Back 232

The featherless track in Psittacines. Used for heat exchange?

Front 233

What happens if you collect an avian blood sample in EDTA?

Back 233

Erythrocytes lysed

Front 234

What colour iris do the male and female cockatoos have?

Back 234

Male is Black. Female is Pink

Front 235

What colour sear does the male and female budgie have?

Back 235

Male is Blue. Female is Brown. (however an old female with a tumour may have a Blue sear)

Front 236

What might you consider with a lame budgie?

Back 236

Abdominal tumour?

Front 237

Which birds are very susceptible to PBFD?

Back 237

"Parrots, Lovebirds, Ringnecks, Rainbow lorakeets, African Greys, Macaws and Cockatoos"

Front 238

Is there a vaccine available for PBFD?

Back 238

Not in the UK. Yes in USA. Give at 14 days old and 1 month later.

Front 239

What is French Moult?

Back 239

PBFD

Front 240

What happens to blood calcium with PBFD?

Back 240

Low. Hypocalcaemia. Can get pathological fractures!

Front 241

Which bird is most susceptible to the Polioma virus?

Back 241

Budgie

Front 242

What type of virus causes Avian Influenza?

Back 242

An orthomyxovirus

Front 243

What birds have been implicated in spreading Avian Influenza?

Back 243

Gulls during their post moult migration

Front 244

Which parasite will commonly cause a GI blockage?

Back 244

Ascarids

Front 245

Which worm is often fatal?

Back 245

Capillaria and Trichomonas

Front 246

Why does a budgie vomit?

Back 246

Courtship vomit or Trichomonas

Front 247

Which bird can get a cloacal prolapse (floppy cloaca)?

Back 247

the frustrated Cockatoo

Front 248

How to manage the frustrated cockatoo?

Back 248

"Reduce daylight, remove mirror, reduce energy of diet, Suprelorin implant, Offer fist not fingers, Parentchild relationship."

Front 249

Do bird retinas have blood vessels?

Back 249

No

Front 250

Where do the secondary feathers of the forlimb insert?

Back 250

Onto the periosteum.

Front 251

How do avian bones grow?

Back 251

Through cartilagenous extension

Front 252

Why does a swan get angelwing?

Back 252

Overfeeding of bread

Front 253

When does PBFD affect a Lorikeet?

Back 253

Only and ONLY when stressed! Must stop bird staff at a zoo working with Lorikeets.

Front 254

Pathology of PBFD?

Back 254

Necrotising enteritis and hepatitis. Basophilic Intranuclear inclusion bodies.

Front 255

What type of virus causes PBFD?

Back 255

Adenovirus

Front 256

What casues avain Malaria?

Back 256

Plasmodium relictum and Plasmodium elongatum

Front 257

Common diseases of the penguin?

Back 257

"Aspergillosis, Plasmodium (malaria), Heat exhaustion and bacterial infections"

Front 258

Signs of Malaria in a penguin?

Back 258

"Dyspnoea, air sacculitis, regurgitation and death"

Front 259

What time of day would you take a blood sample from a penguin to check for malaria?

Back 259

Mid morning. Maximum parasitaemia.

Front 260

What will you look for from blood sample from a penguin with malaria?

Back 260

RBC Intracellular organism. Lymphocytosis.

Front 261

How would you diagnose malaria on PME?

Back 261

"Splenomegaly, Hepatomegaly, Hydropericardium, Pulmonary epicardial and subcutaneous oedema."

Front 262

What would you use to treat avian malaria?

Back 262

Chloraquine or Primaquine weekly for 4 weeks

Front 263

What animals are susceptible to Plasmodium infections?

Back 263

"Penguins, wild passerines and Chelonians"

Front 264

What are the linical signs of Plasmodium inection in a tortoise?

Back 264

A fatal haemolytic anaemia

Front 265

What are the main vectors of plasmodium species (Malaria)

Back 265

Mosquito (Culex and Aedes)

Front 266

Which birds can develop Iron Storage Disease?

Back 266

"Toco Toucans, Mynahs, Quetzals and Bird of Paradise"

Front 267

Definition of Iron Storage Disease?

Back 267

An excessive accumulation of Iron in the liver and other major organs

Front 268

Signs of acute iron storage disease?

Back 268

Death

Front 269

Signs of chronic iron storage disease?

Back 269

"Emaciation, dyspnoea, ascites, loss of balance and feather picking. Sometimes just see poor fertility!"

Front 270

How do you diagnose iron storage disease?

Back 270

Histology of liver. Look for haemosiderosis.

Front 271

How can you monitor iron storage disease?

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Serial liver histology with computer aided analysis of haemosiderin.

Front 272

How would you treat iron storage disease?

Back 272

"Remove iron (phlebotomy and chelation), Low iron diet, Avoid CITRUS fruits and add tea (tannins)"