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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT IS THE TRICOMPONENT THEORY OF ATTITUDES?
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A description of any attitude in terms of three related components or parts (affective, behavioural and cognitive components.) Also called the tripartite model of attitudes.
It must be consistent. |
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EXPLAIN THE AFFECTIVE COMPONENT OF ATTITUDES.
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The emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an attitude, object, person, group, event or issue. It must be consistent
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EXPLAIN THE BEHAVIOURAL COMPONENT OF ATTITUDES.
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The way in which an attitude is expressed through observable behaviour. It must be consistent.
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EXPLAIN THE COGNITIVE COMPONENT OF ATTITUDES.
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The beliefs held about an object, person, group, event or issue. It must be consistent.
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WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH THE TRICOMPONENT THEORY.
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Attitude does not always lead to behaviour. A person who hates pumpkin soup (affective component) but eats it when staying at a friend's place (behavioural) because the person believes it is the polite thing to do (cognitive).
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WHAT IS COGNITIVE DISSONANCE?
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When your attitude doesn’t match your behaviour. You smoke even though you know it is bad for you.
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HOW DO WE GET RID OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE?
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Change your attitude.
Changing the behaviour to suit the attitude. Reducing the importance we give to our attitudes and behaviour. Add new elements to the situation to support our belief in the attitude or behaviour. |
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WHAT IS THE PRIMACY EFFECT? WHAT HAS IT TO DO WITH ATTITUDES?
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Where the initial impression we form of a person is more influential than any later information which is obtained. This is why psychologists suggest we should look our best for a job interview.
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EXPLAIN WHAT A STEREOTYPE IS.
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A belief about people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group
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WHAT IS OLD-FASHIONED PREJUDICE?
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A form of prejudice in which members of the majority group openly reject minority group members and their views towards the minority group are obvious and recognizable to others.
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WHAT IS MODERN PREJUDICE?
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A form of prejudice which is more subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group.
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WHAT IS DIRECT DISCRIMINATION?
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This occurs when someone is treated less favorably than someone who is of a different social group in the same or similar circumstances.
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WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION?
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positive or negative behaviour directed toward a social group and its members
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WHAT IS INDIRECT
DISCRIMINATION ? |
This occurs when a requirement, condition or practice that appears to be fair, in fact discriminates against people of a particular social group.
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WHAT IS RACISM?
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When prejudice and discrimination are directed at people who are members of a particular racial or ethnic group, for example, Aborigines, Greeks or Muslims, it is called racism.
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WHAT IS AGEISM?
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When prejudice and discrimination are directed at people because of
their age |
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WHAT IS SEXISM?
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When prejudice and discrimination are directed at women or men because of their sex.
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WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT MAY REDUCE PREJUDICE?
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Intergroup contact.
Sustained contact Interdependence Superordinate goals Equality of status Cognitive interventions |
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EXPLAIN HOW INTER-GROUP CONTACT CAN REDUCE PREJUDICE.
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If there is close and ongoing contact between the two groups, if the two groups have to rely on each other for some reason and if each group has equal status in the contact situation.
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EXPLAIN HOW SUSTAINED CONTACT CAN REDUCE PREJUDICE.
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Close, prolonged contact of a fairly direct
nature (one-on-one or face-to-face) leads to a re-evaluation of incorrect stereotypes about the other group and its members, thereby reducing inter-group stereotyping and prejudice. |
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EXPLAIN HOW MUTUAL INTER-DEPENDENCE CAN REDUCE PREJUDICE.
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If you have to depend on each other for something to work, prejudice will be diminished.
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EXPLAIN HOW SUPER-ORDINATE GOALS CAN REDUCE PREJUDICE.
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These are goals that are too big for one group to achieve, and so the groups have to work together in order to get the goal. Because this often results in positive results, prejudices are reduced.
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EXPLAIN HOW EQUALITY OF STATUS CAN REDUCE PREJUDICE.
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You have to view each other as equals; otherwise all of the contact will not work (e.g. master/servant).
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EXPLAIN HOW COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS CAN REDUCE PREJUDICE.
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Changing the way in which someone thinks about something. This is done through education; close equal contact, superordinate goals etc.
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HOW DO WE MEASURE ATTITUDES?
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Observable behaviour.
Likert scales - surveys. Rating scales Self-reporting Open ended questions. Media stories. Focus groups. |
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DEFINE ATTITUDE
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An evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue It is a judgement being made, either positive, negative or neutral, about some specific aspect of our lives. The judgement must be relatively consistent and lasting for it to be called an attitude.
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GIVE AN EXAMPLE WHEN THE TRICOMPONENT THEORY IS INCONSISTENT.
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The A-B-C aren’t similar. E.g. a person may know that dental hygiene is important and agrees that six-monthly dental visits are vital (cognitive), but refuses to go to the dentist (behavioural) because the sound of a dental drill makes them feel anxious (affective).
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EXPLAIN THE : STRENGTH OF AN ATTITUDE
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An attitude that is usually thought about, well-known and easily accessible. Also personally relevant with a strong underlying emotional component. It will be stable/consistent over time, be resistant to change, and influence behaviour. More likely to predict behaviour. Likely due to direct experiences.
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EXPLAIN HOW DIRECT EXPERIENCE CAN CHANGE AN ATTITUDE.
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You think and talk about their experience more, (strengthens their attitude). Attitudes that are formed through indirect experience tend to be less emotionally intense and less retelling or thinking about the experience.
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EXPLAIN HOW LIKE MINDED PEOPLE CAN CHANGE AN ATTITUDE.
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They need to be important to us. Belong to groups whose members share the same belief. Interactions tend to provide validation and support for an individual’s own attitudes. Attitudes we hold are stronger, more resistant to change and more likely to influence associated behaviour.
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EXPLAIN HOW ACCESSIBILITY CAN INFLUENCE YOUR ATTITUDES.
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More likely to be consistent when easily accessible. It is a strong attitude that easily comes to mind; it has been thought about, is well known and has been stored in memory ready for use. Closely related to behaviour that they can guide or even predict behaviour.
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EXPLAIN HOW SOCIAL CONTEXT CAN EFFECT A PERSON’S ATTITUDE.
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Whether an attitude leads to actual behaviour may be dependent on the social context or specific situation in which a person finds themselves. E.g. you may do something that you’re not interested in or hate because it is polite/ friends are doing it.
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IF A PERSON HAS PERCEIVED CONTROL OF THEIR BEHAVIOR, HOW DOES THIS REFLECT THEIR ABILITY TO SHOW AN ATTITUDE?
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Attitudes and behaviour are likely to match. It is the belief an individual has that they are free to perform or not perform behavior linked to an attitude and a belief that they can actually perform that behavior.
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WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ATTITUDE FORMATION?
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Classical conditioning,
Operant conditioning Modelling |
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WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOR DUE TO ATTITUDES?
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Social context.
Perceived control over behaviour Accessibility of attitude. Strength of attitude. (direct experience) |
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EXPLAIN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.
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A form of learning that occurs through the repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli. Learning is only said to have occurred when a particular stimulus consistently produces a response that it did not previously produce.
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EXPLAIN HOW CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS USED TO MAKE AN ATTITUDE MORE POSITIVE
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It works with ads. E.g. beer and car ads feature attractive young women wearing bikinis. Through the repeated pairing of the neutral object (car) with the object that produces a reaction (bikinis) start to associate car with positive reaction.
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EXPLAIN HOW CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS USED TO MAKE AN ATTITUDE MORE NEGATIVE.
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It works with ads. Through repeated pairing of the neutral (ad/product) with the annoying (jingle/ catch-phrase). Start to associate negative feelings (annoyance) with the previous neutral object (ad).e.g. Coles ads=avoid Coles.
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EXPLAIN OPERANT CONDITIONING.
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We tend to repeat behaviours that have desirable consequences (rewards) and not repeat behaviours that have negative consequences. We learn how to do things through reinforcement which is something that increases the likelihood of that behaviour happening.
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EXPLAIN HOW REINFORCEMENT CAN BE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE.
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Positive: rewards behaviour=more likely to repeat. E.g. compliments.
Negative: takes away bad things=more likely to repeat behaviour. E.g. pain killers. |
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EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT.
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This takes away bad things, so you are more likely to repeat the behaviour.
Whereas when you punish someone is enforcing a negative (bad) consequence in order to reduce the behaviour happening again. E.g. getting smacked. |
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EXPLAIN WHAT REINFORCEMENT IS.
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Reinforcement is any event which strengthens (‘reinforces’) a response or increases the likelihood of a particular response occurring again. Used in operant conditioning.
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EXPLAIN HOW OPERANT CONDITIONING IS USED IN CHANGING ATTITUDES.
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If we are rewarded for demonstrating an inclination towards a certain attitude, or for expressing a particular attitude, the reward will reinforce the attitude, making us more likely to express the attitude in the future. Each time the attitude is reinforced, the stronger it is likely to become.
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EXPLAIN WHAT MODELLING IS.
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Occurs when someone uses observation of another person’s actions and their consequences to guide their future thoughts, feelings or behaviour
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EXPLAIN HOW MODELLING CAN CHANGE PEOPLE’S ATTITUDES?
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The media also reinforces particular attitudes. For example, television programs and ads often show males in leadership roles and females in roles not involving leadership. Children observe and sometimes model what they see in the media so their attitudes can be significantly influenced by media exposure.
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HOW ARE POSITIVE ATTITUDES FORMED WITH REPEATED EXPOSURE?
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By simply being exposed to an object, person, group, event or issue repeatedly. Forming an attitude through repeated exposure also involves learning processes. Some kind of personal experience is required. Experience may be either direct personal experience or indirect.
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HOW CAN ATTITUDES CHANGE WITH REPEATED EXPOSURE?
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If we are exposed repeatedly, we can develop a positive attitude towards it regardless of whether or not there is a reward.
Repeated encounters, which don’t affect us in any way, are all that is needed to produce a positive attitude. |
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WHAT SORT OF THINGS CAN YOU FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT?
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Objects (e.g. furbies) , a person, a group (the muppets) , an event (Sept 11) or an issue (what is the best way to prevent global warming)
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EXPLAIN THE MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT.
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Describes the increase in liking for an attitude, object, person, group, event or issue as a result of being repeatedly
exposed to it |
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HOW ARE NEGATIVE ATTITUDES FORMED WITH REPEATED EXPOSURE?
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They do not arise from repeated exposure unless there is a negative experience (dislike, pain, fear, disgust) associated. If a negative experience is associated with the exposure, we may form a connection between the negative experience and the focus of the attitude.
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WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF USING A STEREOTYPE?
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They assist us in knowing how we should react to new people we meet. By giving us general information about a person, it helps use choose appropriate topics of conversation and so it will help us form social bonds. It can also keep us safe in situations when we are unsure.
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WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF STEREOTYPING?
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It can be inaccurate. We ignore their individuality.
We tend to disregard information about the individual that does not fit the stereotype we have of them. We pay attention to information that is consistent with a stereotype and ignore information that is not consistent with it. |
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WHAT IS STIGMA?
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A negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labelled in that way.
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A GROUP IS STIGMATISED?
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If a social or cultural group is stigmatised, or negatively evaluated, then members of that group can feel like outcasts who are devalued, ignored and rejected by others, simply because they are members of the stigmatised group.
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PERSON WHO IS STIGMATISED?
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This can lead to feelings such as shame, disgrace, lower self-esteem, loss of self- confidence and lower ambitions in life. Harmful effects on psychological wellbeing, particularly when membership of the group they belong to is an important part of the individual’s self-concept or self-image.
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DEFINE PREJUDICE.
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Holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group.
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EXPLAIN IN GROUPS.
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Any group that you belong to or identify with as an ingroup. For example, your friendship groups, peer group, family, school, religion, sex, race, culture, the country in which you live and even the AFL team you barrack for would be called your ingroups.
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EXPLAIN OUT GROUPS.
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Any group you do not belong to or identify with. When we categorise our social world in this way, we tend to believe that people belonging to our in-groups have individual differences but are generally more like us.
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WHY DO INGROUPS AND OUTGROUPS LEAD TO DISCRIMINATION?
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This type of categorisation and stereotyping of members of in/out groups can lead to prejudice towards members of outgroups.
We are more likely to give preferential treatment to, members of our ingroup when the opportunity arises. |
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EXPLAIN INTERGROUP CONFLICT.
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Occurs when members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by the members of each group.
Competition over economic resources like jobs and housing, social status, positions of power or political advantage is more likely to lead to prejudice, particularly in times of hardship. |
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EXPLAIN ATTRIBUTIONS.
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We evaluate the causes and consequences of other’s behaviour and our own. We are able to predict what will happen in a particular situation if we or others react in a specific way. An attribution can be either internal (from within the person) or external (from the (environment).
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE ATTRIBUTE BEHAVIORS TO INTERNAL FACTORS?
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We tend to blame one or more characteristics of the person for causing the behaviour .e.g. if we hear that Mario has lost his job because he failed to let his supervisor know that he was not going to work for a week, we may think it was typical because he is unreliable and irresponsible.
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EXPLAIN THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR.
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People tend to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of the situation they are in when explaining a person’s behaviour. E.g. bikie yelling at a policeman (=bikies mean and rude rather than policeman was being unfair)
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EXPLAIN THE JUST WORLD HYPOTHESIS.
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Is the tendency for individuals to believe that they live in a world where people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get. E.g. I deserve to win the money as I am a good person. And murderers deserve to be executed for their crimes.
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