Assiciative Learning- Operant Consitioning

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thorndike

Back 1

educational psychology, conducted reaserch using cats in boxes where the cat culd only escape by stepping on lever

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law of effect

Back 2

that a behavior followed by a satisfying state of affairs is strengthened and a behavior followed by and anoying state of affairs is weakened

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operant conditioing

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the preocess by which behaviors are instrumental in producing certain consequenses, also called instrumental conditioning

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behavioral contingencies

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positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment

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Positive reinfocement

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a behavior that is followed by the presentation of a desireable stimulus becomes more likely to occure in the future (ex. rum and praying)

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Premack Principle

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A behavior that has a higher probability of occurrence can be used as a positive reinforcer for a behavior that has a lower probability

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primary reinforcer

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is biological and unlearned, such as oxygen, food, water, warmth, and sleep

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secondary reinforcer

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is learned and becomes reinforcing by being associated with a primary reinforcer (chimps and tokens)

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Shaping

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method of secessive approximations (used in animal training ie dolphins and hoops or in overcomming fear of flying).

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schedule of reinforcementq

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the pattern of reinforcements given for a desired behavior

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contimuus schedule of reinforcement

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every instance of a desired behavior is reinforced

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partial schedules od reinforcement

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reinforcement is only given for some instnaces of desired behavior (more resistant to extinction)

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Skinner

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discovered partial schedules by acccient when he ran short of food pellets

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ratio reinforcement

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reinforcement is provided after the individual makes a cetain number of desired responses. there is fixed and variale

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fixed interval schedule

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reinfoeces the first desired response after a set period of time (can also be variable)

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negative reinforcement

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a behavior that brings about the removal of an aversive stimulus becomes more likley to occure in the future, increases the likleyhood of a behavior

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escape learning

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learning to end something agressive

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avoidance learning

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learning to prevent something aversive

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extinction

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behaviors learned through operant conditioing are subject to extinction in whih the reduction in probibility of a behavior that is no longer being reinforced

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Punishment

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the consequense of a behavior decreases its likely hood, negative reinforcement becuase it involves the removal of an agressive stimulus (ex speeding ticket)