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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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John B. Watson |
- Thought behaviour was learnt through experience - Animals and humans learn the same way - Thoughts and emotions are unimportant |
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Pavlov |
Did a study on dogs and their salvation. Classial conditioning, invloves learning through experience. UCS - UR UCS - NS - UR UCS - CS - CR |
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Skinner |
Did a study on rats. Operant conditioning and learning through reinforcment. We learn through the concequence of our actions - Positive reinforcement - Negative reinforcement - Punishment
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Behavioural |
+ Scientific credibility + Real life application - Humans learn through other ways to animals too - Emotions ignored - Biological factors, genes affect behaviour |
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Albert Bandura |
Behaviour lernt through experience, observation, imitaion, and role models. Social learning theory. - Modelling - observing and imitating - Identification - something in common - Vicarious reinforcement - E.G seeing someone rewarded - Vicarious punishment - E.G seeing someone get punished so you avoid that behaviour |
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Banduras Bobodoll study |
Shows chidren imitate their parents, they did to the doll what their parents did. If they were angry to the doll they'd imitate that. Most amount of imitation is between the same sex. Parental punishment would lower chances, rewards increase. |
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Mediational process |
- Attention - How much we notice - Retention - How much we remember - Motor reproduction - Ability to perform behaviour - Motivation - The will to perform . Learning and performance don't need to occur together |
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Social leraning approach |
+ Explains cultural differences + Highlights importance of cognitive factors - Over reliance on lab studies -ignores biological differences and gender differences |
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Cognitive approach |
. Focuses on internalmental processes and interpretations . Inferences are made about what's going on in the mind on the basis of behaviour . Focuses on perception . Mind compared to a computer. Computer and theoretical models . Behaviour is determined by the way we process information from our environment + Lab experiments + Influenced cognitive behavioural therapy + offers more credible science basis - Individual differences ignored - issues comparing minds to computers |
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The computer metaphor |
+ Memory/storage + Input & output + Both process information - No emotions - Dont forget - Output and input time input processes + informational manipulation process + information storage = output processes |
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Schemas |
Packages of infomation you know about the world arround you. Like an action, object, or concept. E.G a human face, or chair. Based on experience. Help you organise the world around you. |
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Cognative neuroscience |
1970's is the study of how brain structures affect mental processes. use brain imaging techniques. Combines cognative and biological . Lesion studies - electromagnetic fields to measure brain activity E.G FMRI . Neuroimaging - pinpointing areas of the brain which are active when performing a task. PET. |
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Biological approach |
All behaviour has a biological cause, emotions a physical basis, behaviour linked to structures, processes, genes, neurochmeistry, nervous system. . Genotype - A person's genetic makeup . Phenotype - Way they're expressed physically, psychologically, and behaviorally. Not all triggered + scientific methods + Real life application - Cannot assume direct cause - Identical twins raised together are hard to tell if its nature or nurture - Individuals not held responsible |
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Twins |
. Monozygotic - Share 100% of genes . Dizygotic - Share 50% of genes Depression: . MZ - 49% . DZ - 17% . Siblings - 9% |
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Phineas Gage |
He lost agression control when a pipe went through his head. Neuroanatomy is brain scanning and studying brain damaged patients. Brain structure - Neuroanatomy Brain chemistry - Neurochemicals, Neurotransmitters, abnormality links - Serotonin increases anxiety and OCD. |
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The endocrine system |
Works allong side the nervous system to control vital functions. Involves glands and hormones. Glands are specialized group of cells. Hypothalamus ~ Sympathetic nervous system ~ Adrenal medulla ~ Adrenaline & noradrenaline released ~ fight or flight |
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Phobias |
Speific - An object Social anxiety - Social phobia Agoraphobia - Being outside Characteristics include: Behavioural (crying, running), Emotional (frightened, distressed), and cognitive (believing, irrational beliefs) + Phobias can be traced back to specific event + Application to therapy - incomplete explanation of some phobias - Can be learnt through vicarious conditioning |
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Conditioning of phobias |
Explained through classical and operant conditioning. Classical is traumatic experience or false alarm. Like Little Albert who was conditioned a fear of rats at 11months through banging. Maintenance by operant. Reinforcement is more long term and increases frequency. |
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Behavioural approch to phobias |
Systematic desensitisation, behaviour unlearnt through the same methords as learning. Client relaxes, visualises, etc. A gradual hiarachy to more fearful situations. + 75% effective + relatively quick + patients prefer it to flooding (no build up, its cost effective and fast but it's traumatic and not successful for social phobias) - extremely stressful - not as successful in phobias with an evolutionary basis |
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definitions of abnormality |
. Statistical deviation - (less common than general population. can be postive like high IQ) . Deviation from social norms - (goes against unwritten rules, social norms vary with culture and it must be seen in context) . Failure to function adequately - (unable to cope. Rosenhan & Seligman suffering & maladaptiveness. Varies between culture and everyone fails to function sometimes) . Deviation from ideal mental health (define normal and the difference. Jahoda we have good mental health if we're positive,coping,independent. Ideal changes over time and culture, very few people meet criteria) |
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Depression |
Behavioural: Reduced activity, sleep disruption, aggression, and self harm. Emotional: lowered mood, anger, low self-esteem Cognitive: Poor concentration, focus on negative aspects, faulty thinking, distortions. |
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Becks cognitive approach to depression |
. Thoughts and beliefs are major factors in causing the emotional state of depression. . Depression is the result of maladaptive or faulty thinking processing which lead to behavioural symptoms and negative self schemas . Childhood events may lead to negative self schemas (loss, rejection, abuse, criticism) + Good supporting evidence to show depression has negative schemas - cognitive doesn't show all aspects (delusions) |
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Aaron Beck |
. The self (i'm worthless) . The future (i'll never be worth anything) . The world (everyone's against me because i'm worthless) Depressed people feel as they do because they're negatively biased. |
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Ellis's ABC model |
A - Acting event B - Belief C - Consequence (E.G Liz is turned down at her uni of choice, she thinks she's worthless and a failure, depression) + Practical application in cognitive behavioural therapy - Suggests depression is activated by an event, not always the case - negative thoughts aren't always irrational - negative thoughts aren't always the cause |
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CBT - Cognitive behavioural therapy |
Beck's - Aims to identify negative thoughts in the tiad and challenge them. record postive experiences and find evidence to faulty beliefs. Ellis's - Rational emotive behavioural therapy, and look for evidence. . Encouraged to be positive and active. + Is effective + successful long term - May not work for severe cases - CBT focuses on future not past - Limited therapists - Drugs less time consuming - CBT costly |
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OCD |
Behavioural: compulsions, avoidance Emotional: Anxiety, accompanying depression, guilt, and disgust Cognitive: Obsessive thoughts, focused attention on hazards, catastrophic thoughts, they know they're irrational Obsessive thought -> Anxiety -> Compulsive behaviour -> Temporary relief |
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Biological approach and explanation for OCD |
. OCD can run in families so it shows a genetic link . 37% of patients have parents with OCD . Environmental stress is needed to trigger . Candidate genes . Some of these genes linked to serotonin and dopamine which regulate mood . MZ twins = 68% DZ twins = 31% . Also social learning theory, the OCD and behaviour can be learnt from parents |
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Nautral explanation to OCD |
. Low level of serotonin affects mood and regulation of OCD + good supporting evidence, antidepressants with serotonin reduce OCD - Doesn't show cause and effect Drug therapy used alongside CBT, increases serotonin, blocks the reuptake of serotonin so body works properly. - Cost effective + 70% works - Side effects - Unreliable |
