Psychology Approaches Aqa As Revision

Front 1

What makes Wundt's lab historically important to Psychologists?

Back 1

A Lab in Germany

First ever Psychology lab, introduced structuralism.

Front 2

What approach to Psychology did Wundt pioneer?

Back 2

Introspection

Front 3

Since Wundt, approaches in psychology became more structuralised. What are controlled methods and why are they important?

Back 3

They are standardised instructions (issued to all participants). This allowed the same experiments to be repeated.

They make procedures replicable, and therefore more reliable.

Front 4

Just from seeing the words 'early philosophical roots', 3 names should come to mind. Who are they?

Back 4

Rene Descartes

John Locke

Charles Darwin

Front 5

Why is Descartes significant to Psychology?

Back 5

He suggested that the mind and body are independent from each other. - Cartesian Dualism.

This view is debatable.

However, suggested that the mind could be an object of study in its own right.

Front 6

Descartes' famous quote!

Back 6

'I think therefore I am'

Front 7

Why is Locke significant to Psychology?

Back 7

For empiricism

*All experience can be obtained through sense experience

*Human beings do not inherit knowledge nor instincts (born Blank Slate = Tabula Rosa)

*Basis of the behaviourist approach

Front 8

Why is Charles Darwin significant to Psychology?

Back 8

For evolutionary theory

All humans and animal behaviour -> adapted over successive generations

* stronger genes survive and reproduce

* survival of the fittest

* weaker, more disadvantaged genes are excluded from the gene pool

Front 9

What approach does Darwin's evolutionary theory become the basis of?

Back 9

Biological Approach

However many approaches agree with the

assumption that: many human behaviours, such as social behaviours, have evolved due to their adlative value

Front 10

Psychology defintion?

Back 10

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those function affecting behaviour in a given context.

Front 11

Science defintion?

Back 11

A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation. The aim: to discover general laws.

Front 12

Introspection defintion?

Back 12

First systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into the basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations

Front 13

Who rejected Introspection? What century?

Back 13

Watson and the early behaviourists.

20th century.

Front 14

What is Watsons' main problem with Introspection?

Back 14

That is is subjective, varies so much from person to person that it became difficult to establish general principles.

Front 15

How is Introspection subjective?

Back 15

Focuses on 'private' mental processes

Scientifc Psychology should restrict shelf only to studying phenomena that can be observed and measured.

Front 16

List the key terms for explaining the scientific approach

Back 16

Behaviourism

Lab Experiments

Experimental Method

Cognitive Revolution

Biological Approach

Cognitive Neuroscience

Front 17

What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

Back 17

Only study behaviour that can be observed and measured

Basic process are the same in all species.

Front 18

What is the classical conditioning? (Briefly)

Back 18

Learning through association. Pavlov's dogs.

A neutral stimulus (NS) after being repeatedly paired with a unconditional stimulus (UCS), can alone elicit a condition response (CR) -> becoming a condition stimulus (CS)

Front 19

What is operant conditioning? (Briefly)

Back 19

Learning through consequences. Skinner used reinforcement and punish (positive and negative reinforcement) to encourage or discourage a certain behaviour.

Front 20

Evaluation of behaviourist approach

Back 20

:) scientific credibility

:) real-life application

:( mechanistic

:( deterministic

Front 21

The assumptions of the social learning theory

Back 21

BANDURA

Agree: behaviour is learnt through experience

Different: through observation and imitation of others (social)

Directly and indirectly

Front 22

Vicarious enforcement

Back 22

Reinforment which is not directly experienced but occurs through the observing of someone else being reinforced for a behaviour. Imitation.

Front 23

Mediational processes

Back 23

Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response.

Front 24

Modelling

Back 24

observer's perspective: imitating the behaviour of role model

Role model's perspective: modelling is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour - may be imitated.

Front 25

Identification

Back 25

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them

Front 26

The 'master gland' in the endocrine system is

Back 26

Pituitary gland, in the brain

Front 27

What does the Cognitive Approach look at?

Back 27

How our mental processes (thoughts, perceptions, attention) affect behaviour

Front 28

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?

Back 28

In direct contrast to behaviourist approach, believes that internal mental processes can and should be studied scientifically.

Studies at memory, perception, thinking indirectly, by maaking inferences.

Front 29

What is the information processing approach (according to the cognitive approach)?

Back 29

Info flows though a cognitive system, sequence of: Input, storage, retrieval (as in the multi-store model)

Front 30

What is the computer analogy (according to the cognitive approach)?

Back 30

It compares the brain to a central processing unit, where info is coded (tuning info into a usable format) and store (holding information).

->Proven useful in the development of artificial intelligence.

Front 31

Internal mental processes?

Back 31

'Private' operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response.

Front 32

Schema

Back 32

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed through experience.

Front 33

Inference (in terms of the cognitive approach)

Back 33

The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour.

Front 34

Cognitive neuroscience

Back 34

The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes.

Front 35

Biological approach

Back 35

emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body

such as genetic inheritance and neural functions.

Front 36

Genes

Back 36

They make up: chromosomes

and consists of: DNA which codes the physical features of an organism (eye colour, height) and the psychological features (mental disorder, intelligence)

Transmitted from parent to offspring i.e. inherited. (-yeah, a bit obvious)

Front 37

Biological structure

Back 37

An arrangement or organisation of parts to from an organ, system or living thing.

Front 38

Neurochemistry

Back 38

referring to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning

Front 39

Genotype

Back 39

the particular set of genes that a person possesses.

Front 40

Phenotype

Back 40

the characteristic of an individual determined by both the genes and the environment

Front 41

Evolution

Back 41

the changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations.

Front 42

Theory of natural selection

Back 42

Any genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individuals survival (and reproduction) will continue into future generations.