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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Stages of Aquisition
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1 Pre linguistic (0-1yr)
2 First words (1yr-18mos) 3 Dev. of sound system (18mos-4yr) 4 Stabalization of sound system (by 8yr) |
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1st stage of aquistition
Pre linguistic consists of: |
1) Phonation Stage (reflexive)- Birth-1mo. Crying, burping
2) Cooing/Gooing- 2-3mos. Vowls and back sounds (velars) 3) Expansion stage- 4-6mos. Infant explores vocal mechanisms; Grunts, yells, rasberries 4) Canonical Babbling- 7-9mos. Reduplicated strings of syllables (mamama) 5) Variegated Babbling- 10mos-1yr. Strings of CV CV put together differently (gama bama ) |
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What kind of sounds do you have a lot of at the end of the 1st year?
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A lot of velar sounds (back sounds) and front sounds( p/b, t/d, k/g, n/m, j, h, s)
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Sounds less frequently occurring in the first year:
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f/v, th, z, sh, dg, l, r
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2nd state of acquisition
First Words: has two main theories about the transition from babbling to first words. These are: |
1) Babbling drift theory: vocalizations that were adult like were reinforced and carried over to 2nd stage
2) Discontinuity Theory: Lang. development has nothing to do with what went on the 1st year. |
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What we know about transition from babbling to first words:
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1- It is a gradual transition. Proto words/invented words shows us this
2- 1st words take form as sinfle syllable, reduplicated, and CV or VC strings 3- A lot of nasals, glides, stops, alveolars, labials |
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Need how many words before forming two words?
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about 50
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What takes places as child beings to put words together?
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Jargon Phase- This is hen child uses "made up words" and uses them to converse with you.
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Why are some words easier/ faster produced then others?
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visibility of sounds, ease of production, frequency of occurence
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Eric Sanders 4 critical landmarks of language development:
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1) Age of 1st appearance of the sound
2) Age of earliest correct production or articulation in words 3) Age of customary production: when child produces sound more often right then wrong 4) Mastery- child produces it correctly in all 3 positions (initial, medial, final) 90-100% of time. |
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There are many studies done on child acquisition. What can we take from these studies?
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There is a lot of variability among children and a range of acquisition.
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Articulation
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The act of producing sounds to convey a message
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Articulation disorder
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Production bases speech sound disorder
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Phonology and Phonological Disorders
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Speech sound errors taht are rule based.
Disorder related to learning the phonological rules of a language (sue vs zoo) Sounds are identified as the phonology of a language. |
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Speech
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Articulation is a major component of speech, which is an organized set or system of sounds that are sued to convey meaning.
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Language
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Arbitrary system of signs or symbols used according to rules to convey meaning within a linguistic community.
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Difference between speech and language
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motor production is speech and expression of meaning is language.
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Phonemes
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Sounds studies as part of a language system.
Sound units related to decisions about meaning (cat, bat, mat) They are the minimal sound elements that represent and distinguish language units (words or morphemes) |
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Allophone
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More numerous sets of distinct sounds. Some may belong to the same phonemic family.
Ex: The phoneme /p/ can be produced by holding lips together after saying "pop," so this is the unreleased allophone of the /p/ phoneme. |
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Phonemic transcription
vs Phonetic transcription |
phonemic= / /
phonetic= [ ] |
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What are the 2 variations of allophones?
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Complementary distribution and
Free variation |
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Complementary distribution
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2 or more allophones never occur in the same enviornment
ex: front /k/ only occurs with front vowels and back /k/ only occurs with back vowels. Therefore, they are in complementary distribution. |
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Free variation
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Can occur in the same phonetic context
Ex: released /p/ and unreleased /p/ in the word "pop" can both occur. |
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Phonemes
Morphemes Syntax and Semantics |
Phonemes are combined to make meaningful units called morphemes. They are combined into phrases and sentences according to grammatical rules of a language. This is the syntax of a language. The meaning of each word is the semantics of language.
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The respiratory system consists of the:
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1) lungs
2) Airway 3) Rib Cage 4) Diaphragm |
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The Larynx
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Generates voiced sounds by vibrating vocal folds, or allows air to pass through the lungs to the vocal tract for voiceless sounds.
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Velopharynx
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AKA soft pallet or velum: joins or separates the oral and nasal cavities so air can pass through the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, or both.
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What is the principal articulator of the oral cavity?
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Tongue
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What are the articulators?
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Tongue
Lips Soft and Hard Pallet Jaw |
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Suprasegmentals
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Characteristics of speec that involve larger units, such as syllables, words, phrases or sentences
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What are some suprasegmentals?
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1- Stress
2- Intonation 3- Loudness 4- Pitch level 5- Juncture 6- Speaking rate |
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Coarticulation
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The influence that sounds exert on one another.
Ex nasalized /ae/ answered non nasalized /ae/ asked |
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Theories
Linguist Models |
Provide descriptions of children's phonology.
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Linguists Theories:
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Generative Phonology
Natural Phonology Nonlinear Phonology Optimality Theory Sonority Hypothesis |
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Generative Phonology
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Chomsky and Halle (1968)
Distinctive features- Some of the interactions among units in oral expression of language can be described and explained through phonological rules. |
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Natural Phonology
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Phonological processes: Stampe, Marked/unmarked sounds assimilatory and non assimilatory. Some voels become nasalized when surrounded by nasal sounds.
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Nonlinear Phonology
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Goldsmith,
Takes many elements into account in the production of speech. Stress, intonation. segments |
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Optimality Theory
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Stemberger, Bernhardt, Gierut, Barlow
Constraints and elevators: Innate mechanisms govern phonological decisions. |
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Sonority Hyphothesis
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Clements
Relative loudness of a sound relative to other sounds with the same pitch, stress, length |
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Psycholinguistic models
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Provide the potential explanation for childs phonology.
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Psycholinguistic Theories:
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Single lexicon model- Smith; children have underlying adult representation of speech
2 lexicon model- Menn, Matthei; input lexicon (recognizing a word) output lexicon (producing speech) |
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Traditional models
Behaviorist theories: |
Describe and observe behaviors; Mauller, Olmsted
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Homonyms
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"no" means "snow, nose" etc
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Laying the foundations for speech. These things come into play:
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1 Anatomical structures
2 Infant percetion: ability to discriminate language specific acoustic distinctions 3 Visual perception: looking at faces to perceive voice |
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Young childrens consonant inventory
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1 Nasal
2 Plosive 3 Fricative 4 Approximant 5 Labial 6 Lingual Phonemes |
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Age of acquisition:
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Age that a certain percent of children have acquired a speech sound
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Early 8
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m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h
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Middle 8
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t, ng, k, g, f, v, ts, dg
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Late 8
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sh, th( voiced) , s, z, th (voiceless) , l, r, 3
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Phonological Processes
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Simplification of a sound class in which target sounds are deleted or substituted
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Kinds of phonological processes:
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1 Assimilation
2 Substitution (Fronting, Gliding, Stopping, Depalatization, Deaffrication) 3 Syllable structure processes (final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, weak syllable deletion) |
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Phonological Awareness
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The ability to reflect on and manipulate the structure of an utterence as distinct from its meaning.
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Phonological awareness consists of:
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Rhyme Knowledge
Blending and Segmentation Manipulation |
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Age of phonological awareness skills:
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at 4 only have rhyme awareness and syllable segmentation
at 5 have more skills 6 or 7 phoneme segmentation is established |
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Phonological processes disappearing by age 3:
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Unstressed syllable deletion
Consonant assimilation Reduplication Velar Fronting Prevocalic Vocing |
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Phonological processes persisting after age 3:
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Cluster reduplification
Epenthesis Gliding Vocalization Stopping Depalatalization Final Devoicing |
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Factors influencing typical acquisition of speech
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Age
Gender SES Number of siblings |
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Organically based speech sound disorders:
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Structural abnormalities
Genetic Syndrome Hearing Loss Neuromotor Disorders |
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Dysarthria
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Neurological motor speech impairment characterized by slow, weak imprecise and or uncoordinated movements of the speech musculator
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Apraxia
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Motor programming disorder; little or no weakness or paralysis of speech musculature.
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Distinctive
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2 sounds may be allophones of the same phoneme of one language but belong to seperate phonemes in another language (signal different meaning)
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Homorganic
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Sounds made in the same place of production
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minimal pairs
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words that differ in jus one sound and have different meaning
pin, bin |
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cognate
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pairs of sounds that differ in one feature ex: voicing (p/b)
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retroflex
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more curled back /r/
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aspiration
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burst of air following a stop (spit out production)
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distinctive features
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set of binary features designed to describe individual speech sounds
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Ligature
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connecting line that shows two phonemes go together
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Dialect
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consistent variations of a language in pronunciation, grammer or vocabulary as characherized by different sub groups of a population
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Phonetic Error
vs Phonemic Error vs Speech Sound Disorder |
Phonetic error is artic problem (motor error)
Phonemic is phonological error SSD has to deal more with the processes |
