Exam #3 Understanding Architecture

Front 1

Age of Enlightenment

Back 1

--A revolutionary time

--population growth

--agricultural revolution

--banking revolution

--growing middle class

--Architecture of purity: back to mother nature, architecture made of natural materials

Front 2

the zeitgeist of early modernism might be ___________

Back 2

revolution

Front 3

John Ruskin's 7 Lamps of Architecture

Back 3

1) Functionally expressive ornament (an ornament is something that is “just there” for looks— Ruskin said if there is an ornament, it needs to have a function. i.e. it gets water off of the building or protects it from inclement weather)

2) Truth in expression of building materials (if it looks like wood it should be wood)

3) Expressive Massing (it needs to express what’s going on inside— the mass of the building. if there is a big circular room, it should should be apparent from the outside)

4) Beauty derives through the observation of nature (finding patterns in nature that can be mimicked and utilized in architecture)

5) Bold and irregular forms (nature itself is not symmetrical)

6) Durable Construction

7) Adheres to traditional Christian forms (Gothic architecture— we don’t follow this rule today as much as the other 6)

Front 4

Origins of Early Modernism

Back 4

1) Product of Western Civilization (movement west to North America)

2) Revolutions: democratic, commercial, agriculture, bank-credit

3) Growth in power of business

4) Further decrease in the power of the church

5) Strong reliance of scientific inquiry (leading to the Age of Enlightenment)

6) a look back to nature and the origins of society (REVIVALS)

7) search for purity

Front 5

What was John Ruskin searching for in architecture?

Back 5

1) Purity

2) Truth

Front 6

What were people like Thomas Jefferson looking for in architecture?

Back 6

Classical Greek and Roman elements (to represent democracy)

Front 7

What makes this post-modern?

Back 7

--unfinished arch

--offset chimney

--oversized window

-unfinished gable

--no door in doorway

Front 8

Arts and crafts style

Back 8

-- called a “reaction to the machine.” People decide to move outside the cities to get away, seeking cleaner air and fewer people.

--handmade craftsmanship

--not prefabricated elements

--every element is a little different

--has a romantic feel to it.

--honest materials

Front 9

Where were the first suburbs located?

Back 9

England

Front 10

what style is this house?

Back 10

arts and crafts

Front 11

Eclecticism

Back 11

a combination of styles mixed together

Front 12

What kind of buildings used Gothic Revival architecture?

Back 12

Churches and schools

Front 13

What kind of buildings used Neo-Classicism (Classical Revival) architecture?

Back 13

Buildings of elevated stature-- public, government, etc.

Front 14

Associationalism

Back 14

associating to previous styles without copying exactly

Front 15

Six major inventions of the machine age

Back 15

1) Light bulb

2) Automobile

3) Airplane

4) Radio

5) Elevator

6) Steel frame

Front 16

Brutalism

Back 16

--spinoff of international style

--massive, tall, concrete buildings

--not polished or decorated

--movement away from the pure tenets of international style

--allowed for some symbolism

Front 17

English gardens

Back 17

--allowed nature to be itself

--not overly polished; maintained but left to grow on its own

Front 18

Queen Anne/Victorian houses

Back 18

a hodgepodge of styles together, built for wealthy upper-class citizens in America.

--allowed for many belongings

--detailed craftsmanship

--circular rooms

--big/ostentatious

Front 19

Zeitgest of Victorian era

Back 19

romanticism, eclecticism, picturesque

Front 20

Prairie style

Back 20

--Precursor to the ranch

--incorporation of inside and outside spaces

--expanding the house to the exterior

--defined exterior space with roof overhangs

--opened up interior of the plan

--embraced handmade and prefabricated parts

--sought to eliminate ornament--simplify architecture and make it more efficient

Front 21

What were the two major influences of International Style?

Back 21

1) WWI

2) Stock market crash

Front 22

International style

Back 22

--for everyone, everywhere

--no historic references

--no reference to Europe

--no reference to wealth

--zeitgeist: machine and assembly line

--embraced the factory aesthetic

--repeating elements

--symmetry discouraged, more about proportion

--"less is more"

--GRID

--affordable

--cost effective

Front 23

Art Deco

Back 23

--influenced by the airplane and the automobile

--transportation

--streamlined

--speed

--metal

--rounded edges

--movement

--Egyptian architecture (archaeologists digging up many ancient Egyptian artifacts at this time)

--20s, 30s, 40s

Front 24

Key words for end of Baroque

Back 24

--truth

--purity

--cleansing

--original

Front 25

Was there a new style between Baroque and International?

Back 25

no-- old styles fitted into new functions

Front 26

New Industrialism

Back 26

--Pre-fabricated parts (factories gained the ability to make a part and make thousands of copies of it)

--iron (rod and cast) were high in demand for manufacture

--glass became more available

--repetitive pieces

--crystal palace in London

--Renaissance imagery

--zeitgeist: growth

Front 27

What was the greatest limitation to historical styles at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution?

Back 27

the growing demand for large public buildings, i.e. libraries, train stations, places which could hold a lot of people. factories drew many workers, who needed places to live

Front 28

What style is this building?

Back 28

new industrialism

Front 29

What led to arts and crafts style?

Back 29

As the industrial revolution pressed forward...

--rise in slums and pollution

--No concrete or asphalt roads, still dirt, so they get worn and muddy

--Still traveling by foot and horse

--Cities getting dirty, grimy, almost unlivable

--People are starving

--no good sewer/water systems

--People decide to move outside the cities to get away, seeking cleaner air and fewer people.

--first suburbs created in England

Front 30

How did Americans view money after the stock market crash?

Back 30

Saw it as volatile and unreliable

Front 31

Duck

Back 31

literal representations of common symbols. typically it showed exactly what was happening inside.

Front 32

Roadside Architecture

Back 32

meant to grab your attention at high speeds

--duck

--signage

Front 33

De Sthil

Back 33

(or, "the style"). A belief out of Europe that architecture did not have to totally enclose space, it could delineate space

Front 34

In the late 50s and 60s, some international style architects began to think more about...

Back 34

molding space. they could stick stick to the core idea of international style being architecture for everyone everywhere, but become more site-specific.

Front 35

what style is this building?

Back 35

art deco

Front 36

what does this building (ronchamp) represent?

Back 36

religion for everyone

Front 37

What style is this building and why is it significant?

Back 37

International style

--most important building in history of architecture--originally a school for arts and crafts--looks a lot like a factory--no historic reference or ornament

--architecture begins to follow this model and LED to international Style

Front 38

Why are grids characteristic of international style?

Back 38

They helped layout design. Improved efficiency of design and implementation

Front 39

Failures of international style

Back 39

--no response to climate--not very durable (perfect edges, perfect clean lines, no trim/ornament, did not have overhangs which led to leakage, wore out quickly)

--thought they could solve social issues with international style (uniform, massive low-income housing)

--no surprise or delight

--too fixated on machines/technology

Front 40

Post-Modernism

Back 40

--Began because the heightened importance of technology made many believe we lost a sense of place. Cities all looked the same. Architecture had a lack of meeting

--Complexity and Contradiction

--claims we need historical reference, because architecture has a loss of place and meaning without it

--"Less is a bore."

--playful, whimsical

--symbolism mattered, even if not functionally relevant

--large scale

Front 41

End of post-modernism

Back 41

Died away around 1990 because too many people copied it poorly (like malls, strip malls)

Front 42

Deconstructivism

Back 42

--followed post modernism

--architecture of disruption

--lasted about fifteen years but spinoffs still exists

--an attempt to take spaces, blow it up into chaotic pieces, then randomly rearrange them into some quite of grid order

--sliced things apart the reoriented them

--came from an attempt to create tension on purpose. made people feel uneasy. These were difficult times, a lot of conflict on the world stage

--philosophers were saying "god is dead", so some began to wonder if architecture was dead as we know it

--"a building exists as an ISOLATED abstract phenomenon"

Front 43

Structuralism

Back 43

the structure (what holds it up) itself dominates the design

Front 44

Biomimicry

Back 44

Architecture mimicking nature