Exam 2 Understanding Architecture

Front 1

What caused the end of the Romanesque period?

Back 1

1) the need for more natural light-- The church saw natural light as a symbol of god, so more light would bring god into the buildings.

2) They felt comfortable bringing more light in because they felt safer. The fear of attack was changing as communities and churches grew stronger than they had been immediately after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Front 2

Notre Dame

Back 2

means“Our Lady,” which refers to the Virgin Mary

Front 3

Pendentive

Back 3

a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room

Front 4

What contributed to the fall of the Renaissance period?

Back 4

--Mannerism

--Form vs. Function

--Absolutism (rise of the monarchies)

--The Protestant Reformation

Front 5

Where did Rococo start?

Back 5

Paris

Front 6

Flying Buttress

Back 6

a form of buttressing associated with Gothic architecture. The purpose of a buttress is to resist the lateral forces pushing a wall outwards (i.e. from stone vaulted ceilings or from wind-loading on roofs) by redirecting them to the ground. transfers weight to towers on outside of glass/windows.

Front 7

Where did the Renaissance begin?

Back 7

Italy

Front 8

What was the main conflict of the Renaissance?

Back 8

the conflict between Form and Function (The ideal and the practical)

Front 9

Zeitgeist of the Renaissance

Back 9

not so much god; more focused on man

Front 10

What does "Renaissance" mean?

Back 10

"Rebirth"

Front 11

During the Renaissance, people started to emphasize the importance of _________

Back 11

human value

Front 12

Renaissance architecture was characterized by __________ with remnants of the ________ styles of the _______ and ___________

Back 12

pure geometry; classical; Greeks and Romans

Front 13

Back 13

This famous DaVinci drawing was drawn and published by himself, but it was a representation of an idea of Vitruvius: how does man fit into geometry? Are the square and circle perfect shapes? This is the geometrical construction of the Vitruvian man.

Front 14

During the Renaissance, people were seeking...

Back 14

--what is beautiful

-- what is relevant

--mathematical— seeking for order in the universe

--symmetry

Front 15

Size/scale of Renaissance architecture concerned...

Back 15

Proportion based on man

Front 16

During the Renaissance, the square symbolized ____________, the circle symbolized ________.

Back 16

earth; heaven

Front 17

Andrea Palladio

Back 17

Italian Renaissance architect who is widely considered to be the most influential individual in the history of architecture. Built the Villa Rotonda, exactly the same on all four sides

Front 18

Back 18

Villa Rotonda

Front 19

Mannerism

Back 19

“breaking the rules.” (specifically, taking a form of architecture and taking certain creative licenses.)

First started after the Renaissance. Michelangelo was a big proponent of mannerism. Many artists became architects, and they were becoming hampered down by the rules and numbers being so stringent.

Front 20

When did mannerism first occur? Does it still exist

Back 20

During the end of the Renaissance; yes, it is still seen today

Front 21

Mannerism began to consider.....

Back 21

the outdoor spaces around the building. They began emphasizing garden design and started to consider all senses, not just eyes— smelling flowers, hearing fountains, etc.

Front 22

Key words to describe mannerism

Back 22

whimsical, playful

Front 23

Contributors to the End of the Gothic Era

Back 23

--HUMANISM

--Population growth was too fast and caused famine Plague (black bubonic). Killed 40% of Europeans. Many Christians began to question, “How could God let this happen?" and this brought about the splintering of the church.

--businessmen began to purchase land & build cities

--this led to the splintering of the church. Contributed to the end of the Gothic because this era was defined by Christianity.

Front 24

New Humanism

Back 24

Christ was born of the Virgin Mary, who is a human, so people began to wonder during the Gothic if humans were more important than they had considered in the past. All this led to the development of New Humanism.

Front 25

The Gothic period of architecture was strongly based in ___________. Gothic architecture was built on a ______________ scale.

Back 25

Christianity/God; Massive/Spacious/God-like

Front 26

The Romanesque style started because of...

Back 26

--the fall of the Roman Empire and the birth of Christ

Front 27

The Romanesque style ended due to...

Back 27

1) the need for more natural light.

a-- The church saw natural light as a symbol of god, so more light would bring god into the buildings.

b-- They felt comfortable bringing more light in because they felt safer. fear of attack was changing as the communities and churches began getting stronger than they were after the fall of the Roman Empire.

church begets its highest status and gains the most power at the end of the Romanesque phase and into the Gothic. What caused the end of the Romanesque initiated the start of the Gothic.

Front 28

Transept Crossing

Back 28

an area set crosswise to the nave in a cross-shaped cathedral/church. originally created to make more space. They needed more seats, so they expanded the church plan into a cross shape for symbolic reasons. moved further back during the gothic.

Front 29

Apse (choir)

Back 29

semicircular "bumps" at the end of a church; end of the building opposite the main entrance.

Front 30

Romanesque Vaulting VS. Gothic Vaulting

Back 30

Romanesque had barrel and groin vaulting

Gothic has ribbed/pointed vaulting

Front 31

Back 31

Clerestory (Gothic)

Front 32

Clerestory

Back 32

a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows admitting daylight to the interior; high window between flying buttresses

Front 33

4 ways to increase natural light in the Gothic Era

Back 33

1) Pointed arches

2) Flying buttresses

3) Clerestories

4) large windows

Front 34

Back 34

Ribbed Vaulting

Front 35

Key Terms for Baroque

Back 35

--Excessive

--Complex

--Detail

--Ornament for the sake of Ornament (attract people away from the Catholic Church)

--Jump in scale (big in plan/sprawl)

--Celebratory

--Broken rules

--Merge architecture

--Blur geometry

Front 36

Absolutism

Back 36

the monarchies have absolute power. power of kings and queens reflected in architecture. characterized by monarchy, corruption, greed

Front 37

The Baroque merged _________ and ____________

Back 37

Sculpture; architecture

Front 38

Back 38

Palace of Versailles

Front 39

Back 39

Barrel Vault (Romanesque)

Front 40

Back 40

Groin vault (late Romanesque)

Front 41

Back 41

Rib Vault (Early Gothic)

Front 42

Back 42

fan vault (Gothic)

Front 43

Back 43

Monastery Floor Plan

Front 44

The first _______________ was invented in a monestery

Back 44

hotel

Front 45

4 topics taught in monasteries

Back 45

1) reading

2) writing

3) arithmetic

4) religion

Front 46

Newly emphasized aspects of architecture during Renaissance

Back 46

--architecture of landscape

--architecture WITH landscape

--architecture of pleasure

Front 47

What did Baroque architecture tend to do with classical details?

Back 47

Break or distort them

Front 48

Why did Rococo occur?

Back 48

To lighten the heaviness of Baroque architecture

Front 49

Renaissance had ___________ windows

Back 49

repeated

Front 50

Baroque often took circles and turned them to...

Back 50

ovals

Front 51

Baroque period ended because of...

Back 51

1) Revolution (people got pissed about the monarchy. People started breaking away from absolute power)

2) Democracy

Front 52

three styles of architecture visible in the Vatican

Back 52

went from Renaissance, to mannerism, to Baroque

Front 53

Nave

Back 53

the center aisle (ONLY). usually wide and on-axis with the apse and the altar. The other aisles are just called aisles.

Front 54

The _______ era was the most powerful time of the Catholic church.

Back 54

Gothic

Front 55

Rose Window

Back 55

--Gothic Era

--Normally seen in units of 12 to represent the 12 apostles

--Units of 3 are seen often too represent the trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit)

Front 56

Back 56

Rose window

Front 57

Back 57

Cathedral floor plan

Front 58

Back 58

Nave

Front 59

Function of pointed arches

Back 59

force is pushed down instead of out, allowing them to be taller

Front 60

Back 60

transept

Front 61

Why did the Romans place arches next to each other?

Back 61

to stop them from pushing out

Front 62

The entrance of the Notre Dame Cathedral faces ______

Back 62

west

Front 63

Narthex

Back 63

the entrance area, located at the west end of the nave, opposite the church's main altar.

Front 64

Back 64

narthex

Front 65

during the Gothic period, the _______ of a church got so large that the ______ moved to the center of the building.

Back 65

transept; apses

Front 66

Key Terms for Romanesque

Back 66

--Round Arches

--Massive

--Early churches

--Small windows

--Roman-like

--Safety

--Fire-resistant

--Barrel vault

--Groin vault

Front 67

Key Terms for Gothic

Back 67

--MORE LIGHT

--Pointed arches

--Rib vault

--Rose window

--Flying buttresses

--Fan vault

--Height of the Church

--Sculpture (biblical stories)

--Vertical emphasis

--God-based

--Notre Dame ("our lady")

Front 68

Key Terms for Renaissance

Back 68

--Ideal VS. Practical

--Square & circle

--Humanism

--Man-scaled

--Rebirth

--Heaven & Man (Earth)

--Repetitive elements

Front 69

During the Renaissance, they needed more buildings that were not churches as a result of...

Back 69

the rise in industries

Front 70

during the Baroque, there was no desire to express structural _______.

Back 70

reality

(they wanted visual effect with no structural truth. architecture should be far from the reality of the outside)

Front 71

Key Terms for Rococo

Back 71

--lighter than baroque

--nature-like

--"lacier" details

Front 72

Which famous sculptors/architects added onto St. Peter's Basilica?

Back 72

Michelangelo and Bernini