Aqa Igcse Biology. Key Facts Chapter 12

Front 1

What do organisms need to survive and reproduce?

Back 1

Materials from their surroundings

Materials from other organisms

Front 2

What do plants need to survive and reproduce?

Back 2

Food from other organisms.

Water.

Oxygen.

Nutrients (mineral ions).

Front 3

What do animals need to survive and reproduce?

Back 3

Food from other organisms.

Water.

Oxygen.

Front 4

What are adaptations?

Back 4

Special features of an organism which allow it to survive in a particular environment, even in extreme conditions.

Front 5

What are extremophiles?

Back 5

Organisms adapted to live in conditions where enzymes denature.

Front 6

How are animals adapted in cold climates?

Back 6

Thick fur, blubber, brown in summer, white in winter, small surface area to volume ratio

Front 7

How are animals adapted in hot/ dry climates?

Back 7

Adapted to conserve water, hunt at night, large surface area to volume ratio

Front 8

How can plants be adapted to collect water?

Back 8

With an extensive root system

Front 9

How can plants be adapted to conserve water?

Back 9

Small/ waxy leaves prevent loss of water vapour through the stomata.

Swollen stem to store water.

Front 10

How are plants adapted to avoid being eaten by animals?

Back 10

Developed thorns.

Poisonous chemicals.

Warning colours.

Front 11

What are animals in competition for?

Back 11

Water, food, space, mates, breeding sites

Front 12

Predators compete with prey, what adaptation might they have in common?

Back 12

Camouflage

Front 13

What do plants compete for?

Back 13

Water, nutrients, light

Front 14

Why might plants spread their seeds over a wide area?

Back 14

So that they are not in competition with themselves.

Front 15

What adaptations does a flea have?

Back 15

Sharp sucking mouth parts

Flattened body

Hard body

Long legs

Front 16

What adaptations does a tapeworm have?

Back 16

Hooks and suckers

long flattened body without gut

segments

thick cuticle

Front 17

How is the malaria parasite adapted?

Back 17

It is specialised to live in different parts of the mosquito or human

Front 18

What is the life cycle of a malaria parasite?

Back 18

1. Mosquito ingests gametocytes via bite

2. Gametocytes change to sporozoites and migrate to salivary gland

3. Sporozoites are transferred to human via bite

4. Sporozoites enter liver and reproduce causing the liver cells to burst releasing merozoites

5. Merozoites enter red blood cells and produce schizonts which cause the red blood cells to burst. This makes us feel ill and releases more merozoites and gametocytes.

6. The mosquito ingests gametocytes through bite