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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Loyal Nine
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A group of merchants and craftsmen who had taken the lead in opposing the Stamp Act with a riot. The violence had gone further than what they had ever intended, but promised that they resistance towards the Stamp Act from then on would be peaceful.
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Virtual representation
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A widely accepted theory that said that each member of Parliament represented the whole empire, not just their district, as well as that the interests of all who lived under the British crown were taken into account.
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writs of Assistance
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One of the colonies' main complaints against Britain, the writs allowed unlimited search warrants without cause to look for evidence of smuggling.
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Sugar act
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Parliament's tax on refined sugar and many other colonial products that was introduced by Prime Minister George Grenville that also reduced the existing tax on molasses and established new machinery that ended widespread smuggling by colonial merchants. It also strengthened admiralty courts, where accused smugglers could be judged without a jury trial.
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Committees of Correspondence
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A committee in Boston that communicated with other colonies to encourage opposition to the Sugar and Currency Acts. These committees came up in other colonies as well, and exchanged ideas and information about resistance.
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Sons of Liberty
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Secret Organization formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals in response to the Stamp Act. They organized processions involving hundreds of residents marching down streets shouting "liberty" in New York City, the Boston Tea Party, etc.
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Regulators
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Groups of backcountry Carolina settlers who protested colonial policies; North Carolina royal governor William Tryon retaliated at the Battle of Alamance on May 17, 1771.
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Daughters of Liberty
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Women who spun and wove at home as opposed to purchasing British goods were considered as this.
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Boston Massacre
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A clash between British soldiers and a Boston mob on March 5, 1770 that began with snowballs and ended in an armed confrontation. There were 5 Bostonians that were killed during the clash. Used by Paul Revere/propaganda to flame anti-British sentiment
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Crispus Attucks
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One of five colonists killed in the Boston Massacre, Attucks was a runaway slave who its is said led the protest against the Townshend Acts that resulted in the bloody conflict with British soldiers. He was a sailor of mixed Indian-African-white ancestry. He later came to be known as the first martyr of the American Revolution.
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Wilkes and Liberty
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A popular rally cry and symbol of freedom known on both sides of the Atlantic after Wilkes, a radical journalist who wrote scandalous things about the king and ministry that was elected to Parliament from London and expelled from his seat. He was arrested, tried and acquitted by a London jury.
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Boston Tea Party
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On December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston harbor to protest the Tea Act of 1773, under which the British exported to the colonies millions of pounds of cheap-but still taxed-tea, thereby undercutting the price of smuggled tea and forcing payment of the tea duty.
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Quebec Act
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The Act passed by Parliament that extended the southern boundary of that Canadian province to the Ohio River and granted legal toleration to the Roman Catholic Church in Canada.
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Suffolk Resolves
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A series of resolutions that were approved by a convention of delegates from Massachusetts towns that urged Americans to refuse obedience to the new laws, withhold taxes, and prepare for war.
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Committees of Safety
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The committee that began the process of transferring effective political power from established governments whose authority derived from Great Britain to extralegal grassroots bodies reflecting the will of the people. The committees became training grounds where small farmers, city artisans, property-less laborers and others little role in government discussed political issues and exercised political power.
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Lord Dunmore's Proclamation
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A proclamation issued in November 1775 that outraged southern leaders, made by the earl of Dunmore, the British governor and military commander in Virginia that offered freedom to any slave who escaped to his lines and bore arms for the king.
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Olive Branch Petition
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A petition addressed to George III by Congress in July 1775 that reaffirmed Americans' loyalty to the crown and hoping for a "permanent reconciliation" even while the fighting raged. (written by John Dickinson)
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Common Sense
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A piece written by an author only listed as "an Englishman" but actually written by Thomas Paine that appeared in January of 1776. It began with an attack on the "so much boasted Constitution of England" and the principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government. He also tied the economic hopes of the new nation with the idea of commercial freedom. It became one of the most successful and influential pieces in the history of political writing.
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Declaration of Independence
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Document adopted on July 4, 1776, that made the official break with Britain; drafted by a committee of the Second Continental Congress including principal writer Thomas Jefferson.
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American Exceptionalism
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The idea that the U.S. has a special mission: to serve as a refuge from tyranny, a symbol of freedom, and a model for the rest of the world, that has occupied a central place in American nationalism.
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The American Crisis
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An inspiring essay written by Thomas Paine that was read to Washington's troops before crossing the Delaware River to attack the Hessian soldiers.
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Valley Forge
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The location at which Washington's army remained during the winter of 1777-78 while the British army was quartered in Philadelphia. There they experienced and suffered from the frigid weather.
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Benedict Arnold
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One of Washington's most able commanders who defected and nearly succeeded in turning over to the British the important fort at West Point on the Hudson River in September of 1780.
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Treaty of Paris
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A treaty that was concluded in September of 1783 by American and British negotiators, with which they became the Western Hemispheres first independent nation. They won recognition of American independence and gained control of the entire region between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi River, and the right to fish in the Atlantic waters off the coast of Canada.
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one-house legislature
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A unicameral representational body.
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Thoughts on Government
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Written by John Adams in 1776; insisted that the new state constitutions should create ''balanced governments.''
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balanced government
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A government whose structure reflects the division of society between the wealthy and ordinary men.
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suffrage
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The right to vote.
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wall of separation
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A division freeing politics and the exercise of the intellect from religious control.
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Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom
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Written by Thomas Jefferson, this bill eliminated religious requirements for voting and officeholding and government financial support for churches.
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free labor
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Working for wages or owning a farm or shop.
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free trade
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The idea that economic life should be directed by the ''invisible hand'' of the free market rather than by government intervention.
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inflation
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An economic condition in which prices rise continuously.
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Loyalists
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Colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the War of Independence.
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Stockbridge Indians
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A tribe that allied with the colonists during the War of Independence who suffered heavy losses fighting the British.
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General John sullivan
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The leader of an expedition in 1779 against hostile Iroquois, with the aim of ''the total destruction and devastation of their settlements and the capture of as many prisoners of every age and sex as possible.''
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abolition
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The emancipation of slaves and the removal of slavery as a social institution.
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freedom petitions
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Arguments for liberty presented to New England's courts and legislatures in the early 1770s by enslaved African-Americans.
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Lemuel Haynes
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A black member of the Massachusetts militia and later a celebrated minister. He urged that Americans ''extend'' their conception of freedom to include blacks.
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free blacks
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In 1776, fewer than 10,000 free blacks resided in the United States. By 1810, this number was nearly 200,000. Free black men who met taxpaying or property qualifications enjoyed the right to vote under new state constitutions.
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"Citizens of Color"
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A widespread term referring to free black citizens in the newly independent America.
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Republican motherhood
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The ideology that emerged as a result of independence where women played an indispensible role by training future citizens.
Ensured that future generations would support the American government. |
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"suitable education"
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Recommended for women, by Benjamin Rush; the ability to teach their sons in the principles of liberty and government.
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Land Ordinance of 1784 and 1785
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Directed surveying of the Northwest Territory into townships of thirty-six sections (square miles) each, the sale of the sixteenth section of which was to be used to finance public education.
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Shay's rebellion
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Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and 1,200 compatriots, seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, attempted to prevent courts from seizing property from indebted farmers.
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.
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International commerce
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Trade between two nations.
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checks and balances
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A systematic balance to prevent any one branch of the national government from dominating the other two.
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separation of powers
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Feature of the U.S. Constitution, sometimes called "checks and balances," in which power is divided between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the national government so that no one can dominate the other two and endanger citizens' liberties.
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"high crimes and misdemeanors"
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Circumstances under which the president can by impeached by the House and removed from office by the Senate.
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three-fifths clause
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A provision that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted in determining each state's representation in the House of Representatives and its electoral votes for president.
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The Federalist
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Collection of eighty-five essays that appeared in the New York press in 1787-1788 in support of the Constitution; written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published under the pseudonym "Publius.''
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Anti-Federalists
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Opponents of the ratification of the Constitution.
Opposed Constitution, thought it gave govt. more power, wanted a Bill of Rights |
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Bill of rights
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The first 10 Amendments of the Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights against infringement by the federal government.
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civic nationalism
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A vision of a national as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values.
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ethnic nationalism
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A definition of a nation as a community of descent based on a shared ethnic heritage, language, and culture.
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Miami confederacy
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Led by Little Turtle, a group of Indians who partook in open warfare with Americans in the Ohio Valley during the 1790s.
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Battle of Fallen Timbers
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A 1794 battle in which 3,000 American troops under Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle's forces.
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Treaty of Greenville
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(1795)
12 Indian tribes gave most of Ohio/Indiana to federal govt., established "annuity" system (federal govt. gave money to Indian tribes) |
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"annuity" system
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Yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes that institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over Indian life.
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gradual emancipation
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A process established in Northern colonies that left up to them the boundaries of liberty for blacks.
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Letters from an American Farmer
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Written by Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, this French work illustrated the process of exclusion of non-white citizens in the American community.
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open immigration
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A partially accurate term referring to the restriction on citizenship from abroad to free white persons.
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Notes on the State of Virginia
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Written by Thomas Jefferson and published in 1785; a comparison of the races that claimed blacks lacked, partly due to natural incapacity and partly because the bitter experience of slavery had rendered them disloyal to the nation.
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