Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Plessy v. Ferguson |
An 1896 Supreme Court case that ruled that racially segregated railroad cars and other public facilities, if they claimed to be "separate but equal," were permissible according to the Fourteenth Amendment |
|
|
Young Men's Christian Association |
Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong" |
|
|
Negro Leagues |
All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride; the leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II |
|
|
Sierra Club |
An organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America's great mountains and wilderness environments; encouraged by such groups, national and state governments begin to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation |
|
|
National Park Service |
Federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks |
|
|
National Audubon Society |
Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife |
|
|
Comstock Act |
An 1873 law that prohibited circulation of "obscene literature," defined as including most information on sex, reproduction, and birth control |
|
|
liberal arts |
A form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students chose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and leadership |
|
|
Atlanta Compromise |
An 1895 address by Booker T. Washington that urged whites and African-Americans to work together for the progress of all; delivered at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, the speech was widely interpreted as approving racial segregation |
|
|
maternalism |
The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides; Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations |
|
|
Woman's Christian Temperance Union |
An organization advocating the prohibition of liquor that spread rapidly after 1879, when charismatic Frances Willard became its leader; advocating suffrage and a host of reform activities, it launched tens of thousands of women into public life and was the first nationwide organization to identify and condemn domestic violence |
|
|
National Association of Colored Women |
An organization created in 1896 by African-American women to provide community support; through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns |
|
|
National American Woman Suffrage Association |
Women's suffrage organization created in 1890 by the union of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association; up to national ratification of suffrage in 1920, the NAWSA played a central role in campaigning for women's right to vote |
|
|
feminism |
The ideology that women should enter the public sphere not only to work on behalf of others, but also for their own equal rights and advancement; feminists moved beyond advocacy of women's voting rights to see greater autonomy in professional careers, property rights, and personal relationships |
|
|
natural selection |
Charles Darwin's theory that when individual members of a species are born with random genetic mutations that better suit them for their environment- these characteristics, since they are genetically transmissible, become dominant in future generations |
|
|
eugenics |
An emerging "science" of human breeding in the late nineteenth century that argued that mentally deficient people should be prevented from reproducing |
|
|
realism |
A movement that called for writers and artists to picture daily life as precisely and truly as possible |
|
|
naturalism |
A literary movement that suggested that human beings were not so much rational agents and shapers of their own destinies as blind victims of forces beyond their control |
|
|
modernism |
A movement that questioned the ideals of progress and order, rejected realism, and emphasized new cultural forms; modernism became the first great literary and artistic movement of the twentieth century and remains influential today |
|
|
American Protective Association |
A powerful political organization of militant Protestants, which for a brief period in the 1890s counted more than 2 million members; in it's virulent anti-Catholicism and calls for restrictions on immigrants, the APA prefigured the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s |
|
|
Social Gospel |
A movement to renew religious faith through dedication to public welfare and social justice, reforming both society and the self through Christian service |
|
|
fundamentalism |
A term adopted by Protestants, between the 1890s and the 1910s, who rejected modernism and historical interpretations of scripture and asserted the literal truth of the Bible; fundamentalists have historically seen secularism and religious relevantism as markers of sin that will be punished by God |
|
|
Thomas Edison |
A famous inventor who operated an independent laboratory rather than working for a corporation; a shrewd entrepreneur who focused on commercial success; he and his colleagues helped introduce such a lucrative products as the incandescent lightbulb and the phonograph |
|
|
John Muir |
The most famous voice for wilderness; raised in a stern of Scots Presbyterian family on a Wisconsin farm, he knew much of the Bible by heart; he was a keen observer who developed a deeply spiritual relationship with the natural world; founder of the Sierra Club in 1892 |
|
|
Booker T. Washington |
Founded the famous educational project, Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute in 1881; he both taught and exemplified the goal of self-help; wrote an autobiography called Up From Slavery; focused on industrial education; gained national fame in 1895 with his Atlanta compromise address, delivered at the cotton states exposition in Atlanta, Georgia |
|
|
Frances Willard |
The charismatic leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union; knew how to frame political commands in the language of feminine self-sacrifice; her motto was "Home Protection"; declared herself a Christian Socialist and urged more tension to workers' plight, advocated laws establishing an eight hour workday, and abolishing child labor; also called for women's voting rights, Lending powerful support to the independent suffrage movement |
|
|
Ida B. Wells |
A young Tennessee schoolteacher who sued the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad for denying her seat in the ladies' car; a radical voice in the National Association of Colored Women; became a noted and accomplished reformer, and published a pamphlet in 1892 |
|
|
Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens) |
America's most famous writer who took the pen name of Mark twain; achieved enormous success with books like The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, but courted controversy with The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn- notable for its indictment of slavery and racism; one of the bitterest critics of America's idea of progress; And outspoken critic of imperialism and foreign missions, and eventually denounced Christianity itself as a hypocritical delusion |
|
|
Billy Sunday |
One of the most popular Protestant preachers of the early teen century; was a former professional baseball player with an imposing physique and dynamic preaching style; more willing than most of his predecessors to make direct political arguments, he championed antiradicalism and prohibition; asserted his leadership in a masculinized American culture; through fiery sermons, Sunday offered a model of spiritual inspiration, manly strength, and political engagement; his revivals were thoroughly modern: marketed shrewdly, they provided mass entertainment and a chance to meet a pro baseball player |
|
|
Social Darwinism |
An idea, actually formulated not by Charles Darwin but by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, that human society advanced through ruthless competition and the "survival of the fittest" |
|
|
Social Darwinism |
An idea, actually formulated not by Charles Darwin but by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, that human society advanced through ruthless competition and the "survival of the fittest" |
