Apus History Chap 14: Forging The National Economy

Front 1

Land ruined by cash crop was ideal for___

Back 1

pasture (Kentucky Bluegrass)

Front 2

The spirit of nationalism led to an appreciation of ___

Back 2

The spirit of nationalism led to an appreciation of the American wilderness.

Front 3

George Catlin

Back 3

Artist George Catlin pushed for national parks and later achieved it with Yellowstone in 1872

Front 4

In the mid-1800s, the population continued to double every___
By 1860, the original 13 states now had become ___ the
American population was 4th in the world (behind Russia, France,
Austria).

Back 4

In the mid-1800s, the population continued to double every 25 years.
By 1860, the original 13 states now had become 33 states; the
American population was 4th in the world (behind Russia, France,
Austria).

Front 5

A high birthrate had accounted for population growth, but near 1850s, millions of ___came

Back 5

A high birthrate had accounted for population growth, but near 1850s, millions of Irish and German came

Front 6

Why did Irish and Germans come to AMerica?

Back 6

They came due to a surplus population in Europe, but not all came to the U.S.
The appeal of the U.S. was for land, freedom from church, no aristocracy, 3 meat meals a day.
Also, transoceanic steamships were used meaning travel time dropped to 12 days and it was safer.

Front 7

In America there was a fear of voting foreigners...

Back 7

outnumbering AMericans and taking jobs.

Front 8

The "Black FOrties"

Back 8

The Irish potato famine in the mid-1840s led to the death of 2 million and saw many flee to the U.S.
“Black Forties”—they mainly came to cities like Boston and especially New York (biggest Irish city).
They were illiterate, discriminated against by older Americans, and received lowest-paying jobs (railroad-building).
They were hated by Protestants because they’re Catholic.
Americans hated the Irish (such as “NINA”—No
Irish Need Apply); the Irish hated competition with blacks for the
low-paying jobs.

Front 9

The Ancient Order of Hibernians

Back 9

The Ancient Order of Hibernians was established to aid the Irish, founded in Ireland to fight rapacious landlords and served in America as a benevolent society.

Front 10

The politicians tried to appeal to the Irish by ___

Back 10

The politicians tried to appeal to the Irish by insulting London. Irish hated the British. (“Twisting the Lion’s Tail”).

Front 11

1 million Germans poured in between 1830s-1860s because of ___

Back 11

1 million Germans poured in between 1830s-1860s because of crop failures and revolution/war of 1848.

Front 12

Carl Schurz

Back 12

Liberal Germans such as Carl Schurz contributed to the elevation of the U.S. political scene.

Front 13

Germans had more money than the Irish, so they bought land ___

Back 13

They had more money than the Irish, so they bought land in West, especially in Wisconsin.

Front 14

The Germans

They urged public ___ and ___
They faced resentment from old Americans because the Germans ___, were ___, clung to their old ways and kept
___, and brought ___ to the U.S.

Back 14

They urged public education (started kindergarten) and freedom (they were enemies of slavery).
They faced resent from old Americans because the Germans grouped
themselves together, were aloof, clung to their old ways and kept
speaking the German language and religion, and brought beer to the U.S.

Front 15

"nativists"

Back 15

“nativists” – older Americans who were prejudiced against newcomers in jobs, politics, and religion

Front 16

the "Know-Nothings"

Back 16

nativists feared that Catholicism challenged Protestantism (Popish
idols) so they formed the “Order of Star-Spangled Banner”
AKA, “The Know-Nothings”

they met in secrecy - “I Know-Nothing” was their response to any inquiries
fought for restrictions on immigration, naturalization & deportation of alien paupers
wrote fiction books about corruption of churches
there was mass violence, i.e. Philadelphia in 1844, which burnt churches, schools, and saw people killed

Front 17

as time passed, immigrants were less disliked since___

Back 17

as time passed, immigrants were less disliked since they were
crucial to economic expansion & more jobs were becoming available
(although they were low-paying)

Fighting never got out of hand because of the stable economy- no one was harmed financially by foreign labor.

Front 18

The industrial revolution spread to U.S. The U.S. was destined to become an industrial giant because…

What was plentiful?
What did America have that Britain didn't?
But what did Britain have that America didn't? And how did British industry threaten American?

Back 18

The industrial revolution spread to U.S. The U.S. was destined to become an industrial giant because…
land was cheap, money for investment plentiful, raw materials were plentiful
Britain lacked consumers for factory-scale manufacturing whereas America had the growing numbers
But, Britain’s long-established factory system was in competition with the infant U.S. industries
the Brits kept textile industry secrets as a monopoly (forbade travel of craftsmen & export of machines)

Front 19

Until past the middle of the nineteenth century, the U.S. remained very ___

Back 19

Still, the U.S. remained very rural and was mostly a farming nation

Front 20

Samuel Slater

Back 20

Samuel Slater – “Father of the Factory System”
learned of textile machinery when working in British
factory‡ he escaped to U.S., was aided by Moses Brown and built
1st cotton thread spinner in the U.S. located in Pawtucket, Rhode
Island (1791)

Front 21

Eli Whitney

Back 21

Eli Whitney built a cotton gin (which was 50 times more effective than separating cotton seed by hand)
cotton economics were now profitable and saved the South with “King Cotton”
the South flourished and expanded the cotton kingdom westward
the Northern factories manufactured textiles (cloth), especially in
New England due to its poor soil, dense labor, access to sea, and fast
rivers for water power)

cotton was profitable and bound to the south; the cotton gin made cotton farming profitable and renewed slavery.

Whitney also introduced machine-made inter-changeable parts (on muskets) - 1850
this was the base of the assembly line which flourished in the North, while the cotton gin flourished South

Front 22

after the peace treaty at Ghent, the British did what to force the close of many American factories ?

Congress then passed___

Back 22

after the peace treaty at Ghent, the British poured in a surplus of
cheap goods, forcing the close of many American factories who could not
compete with long-established British companies
Congress then passed Tariff of 1816 to protect U.S. economy

Front 23

Elias Howe & Issac Singer

Back 23

Elias Howe & Issac Singer (1846) made the sewing machine (the foundation of clothing industry)

Front 24

How did the Embargo Act of the War improve US industry?

Back 24

The Embargo Act of the War of 1812 encouraged home manufacturing

Front 25

The principle of limited liability

Back 25

The principle of limited liability in a corporation (can’t lose more than what one has personally invested in a corporation) stimulated the economy

Front 26

Laws of “free incorporation”

Back 26

Laws of “free incorporation” came about saying there
was no need to apply for a charter from a legislature to start a
corporation

Front 27

Samuel F. B. Morse

Back 27

Samuel Morse’s telegraph connected the business world when he asked, “What hath God wrought?”

Front 28

How was New England favored as an industral center?

Back 28

-Stony soil made farming impossible and manufacturing attractive.
-Dense population provided labor and accessible markets
-Seaports made import of raw materials and export of products easier
-Rapid rivers to turn gears in machines

Front 29

Adult working condition improved in the 1820s & 30s with ____
Workingman's parties strove for...
In 1840, van Buren established...
Did workers' strikes in the 30s and 40s work?

Back 29

adult working condition improved in the 1820s & 30s with the mass vote given to workers
10 hour day, higher wages, tolerable conditions, public education, a ban of imprisonment for debt
in the 1840s, President Van Buren established 10 hour day for federal employees
many went on strike, but lost because employers simply imported more workers (the much-hated immigrants)

Front 30

labor unions formed in the 1830s, but were hit by ___

Back 30

Labor unions formed in the 1830s, but were hit by Panic of 1837

Front 31

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Back 31

case of Commonwealth v. Hunt in Massachusetts Supreme Court (1842) legalized unions for peaceful and honorable protest

Front 32

women toiled in factories under___
in Lowell, Massachusetts, a model textile mill employed ___

Back 32

women toiled in factories under poor conditions
in Lowell, Massachusetts, a model textile mill employed young, single women under a watchful eye.

Front 33

___% of the industrial labor force were children

Back 33

child labor was heavy; 50% of the industrial labor force were children

Front 34

Catharine Beecher

Back 34

urged women to enter teaching profession; got her dream when men left teaching for other lines of work.

Front 35

arranged marriages died down when___

Back 35

arranged marriages died down; marriages due to love tied family closer

Front 36

How did the home atmosphere change?

Back 36

the home changed from a place of labor, to a place of refuge and rest from labor at the mill

Front 37

"cult of domesticity"

Back 37

WHen omen married they left their jobs and became wives and mothers, enshrined in a "cult of domesticity", a cultural creed that glorified the momemaker. Married women commanded immense moral power and made decisions for the family.

Front 38

"domestic feminism"

Back 38

families grew smaller (average of 6); the fertility rate dropped. Women seemed to be quietly making their own decisions to have fewer children. "Domestic feminism" is the name given to the more assertive role of women, even within the "cult of domesticity".

Front 39

child-centered families emerged with less children and __

Back 39

child-centered families emerged with less children and discipline methods were altered- children were reared not to be broken but shaped and able to make their own decisions based on internalized moral standards- theoutline of the "modern" family.

Front 40

the trans-Allegheny region (Ohio-Indiana-Illinois) became the nation’s ___

Back 40

the trans-Allegheny region (Ohio-Indiana-Illinois) became the nation’s breadbasket
they planted corn and raised hogs (Cincinnati was known as “the porkopolis” of the west”

Front 41

John Deere

Back 41

John Deere – invented the steel plow that cut through hard soil and could be pulled by horses

Front 42

Cyrus McCormick

Back 42

Cyrus McCormick – invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain; revolutionized farming. THe surplus of grain allowed them to envision factories in teh East or across the Atlantic

Front 43

Why did a transportation revolution need to occur in America?

Back 43

The North produced more food than the South (who grew cotton);
products flowed from the North to the South via sea and rivers, not
East to West which need transportation revolution in roads and canals

Front 44

Lancaster Turnpike 1790s

Back 44

Lancaster Turnpike – a hard road from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PA which brought economic expansion westward

Front 45

Cumberland Road

Back 45

In 1811 the federal government constructed the Cumberland Road AKA The National Road (Maryland - Illinois) with state and federal money bringing thoroughfare to the West.

Front 46

Robert Fulton

Back 46

Robert Fulton invented the first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807; steamboats were common by the 1830s
this caused an increase of U.S. trade because there was no concern for weather and water current allowing trade to go both up and down a river.
this contributed to the development of Southern and Western economies

Front 47

"Clinton's big Ditch"

Back 47

Gov. DeWitt Clinton’s Big Ditch was the Erie Canal between Lake Erie and the Hudson River, built entirely without federal funding.
It shortened the expense and time of transportation (to one
twentieth what it was before); cities grew along the canal and the
price of food was reduced
farmers were unable to compete in the rocky soils of the East, so they went to the West. Other people shifted to fruit, vegetable and diary farming, or went to the south of the great lakes via canal.

Front 48

What came first, the TUrnpike or the Iron Horse?

Back 48

Turnpike, in 1790. THe first railroad in the US appeared in 1828, and by 1860 30000 miles of track had been laid, mostly in the North.

Front 49

Why did the New York government oppose the railroad, and prohibit the railroad temporarily from carrying freight?

Back 49

The railroads were 1st opposed because financiers were afraid of
losing money from Erie Canal traffic; railroads also caused fires to
houses from their embers.

Front 50

What were early trains like?

Back 50

Early trains were poorly constructed (with bad brakes) and the gauge of tracks varied.

Front 51

South‡ cotton accounted for __% of American exports
North‡ after the repeal of the British Corn Law of 1846, ___became an important commodity in trade with England

Back 51

South‡ cotton account for 50% of exports
North‡ after the repeal of the British Corn Law of 1846, ___became an important commodity in trade with England

Front 52

Cyrus Field

Back 52

In 1858, Cyrus Field laid a telegraph cable between the U.S. &
Europe (but died in 3 weeks); a better one was laid in 1866. This
provided instant communication with Europe—a monumental step
forward.

Front 53

American vessels time had been idle during this time due to ___

Back 53

American vessels had been idle due to embargoes and panics; the U.S. Navy made little progress

Front 54

the golden age of the American merchant marine came in 18--s and
--s – ___built the clipper ships which dominated the
seas for a brief time (they were very fast, sleek, and long)

Tea trade with the British grew and carried many to ___

Back 54

the golden age of the American merchant marine came in 1840s and
50s – Donald Mckay built the clipper ships which dominated the
seas for a brief time (they were very fast, sleek, and long)

tea trade with the British grew and carried many to California

Front 55

America’s brief dominance at sea with the clipper ships was
crushed by ___

Back 55

America’s brief dominance at sea with the clipper ships was
crushed by British iron steamers, “Tea kettles” that were
more reliable and could haul heavier loads, though slower.

Front 56

Rapid American communication also sprang up in the Far West in the form of___

However, this system was replaced by___

Back 56

Speedy communication popped up from Missouri to California, in the
Pony Express (going 2,000 miles in 10 days). The Pony Express was
short-lived though, lasting but 2 years, and was replaced by the
telegraph wire.

Clipper ships and ponies marked the ending of wind and muscle technology, and put machines in the saddle.

Front 57

New York became the queen port of the country, replacing New Orleans, thanks to ___

Back 57

New York became the queen port of the country, replacing New Orleans, thanks to the Erie Canal

Front 58

Principle of divided labor emerged with each region specializing in its own economic activity :

Back 58

Principle of divided labor emerged with each region specializing in its own economic activity
South cotton to New England; West grain &
livestock for the East & Europe; East machines, textiles
for South and West

Front 59

The era of the self-supported farm was changing ___
These times increased___

Back 59

The era of the self-supported farm was changing to a more modern, specialty driven economy.
These times increased the gap between the rich and poor.

Front 60

Conditions in the cities:

unskilled workers were ___

social mobility existed, although ___

the standard of living ___

Back 60

unskilled workers were “drifters” from town to town looking for jobs (1/2 of industrial population)
social mobility existed, although rags-to-riches stories were rare
the standard of living did rise, however, as wages did rise (this helped diffuse any potential class conflict)

Front 61

Church attendance was ___in 1850

Back 61

Church attendance was regular in 1850 (3/4 of population attended)

Front 62

Deism

Back 62

Many relied on Deism (reason rather revelation); Deism rejected
original sin of man, denied Christ’s divinity but believed in a
supreme being that created universe with an order, similar to a
clockmaker.

Front 63

Unitarian faith

Back 63

believed God existed in only 1 person, not in the orthodox trinity; stressed goodness of human nature
believed in free will and salvation through good works; pictured God as a loving father
appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism

Front 64

___1800 spawned the 2nd Great
Awakening

Back 64

Liberalism in religion started in 1800 spawned the 2nd Great Awakening as a countermovement.

Front 65

Second Great Awakening

Back 65

2nd Great
Awakening a tidal wave of spiritual fervor that resulted in prison
reform, church reform, temperance movement (no alcohol), women’s
rights movement, abolition of slavery in 1830s

it spread to the masses through huge “camp meetings”
the East went to the West to Christianize Indians

Front 66

Methodists and Baptists stressed___

Back 66

Methodists and Baptists stressed personal conversion, democracy in church affairs, emotionalism

Front 67

Peter Cartright

Back 67

Peter Cartwright – was best known of the “circuit riders” or traveling preachers who rode around on the frontier calling upon sinners to repent, knocking out people who tried to break up his meetings.

Front 68

Charles Finney

Back 68

Charles Grandison Finney – the greatest revival preacher who led massive revivals in Rochester, NY

Front 69

"burned-over district"

Back 69

New York, with its Puritans, preached “hellfire” and was known as the “Burned-Over District”

WHere the Mormon faith originated.