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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When Constitution alunched in 1789, ___ had dubous loyalties; the Mississippi was in the hands of ___
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Kentucky, Tennesse, Ohio (westerns)
Spaniards |
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After unanimous vote by Electorl COllege, 1789, ___ became president
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Washington
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Washington established a diverse cabinet (Constitution does not mentiona cabinet)).
Secretary of State: ___ Secretary of the Treasury: Secretary of War: |
Washington established a diverse cabinet (which was not necessary Constitutional).
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War: Henry Knox |
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Many states had ratified the Constitution on the condition that
___, and many ___had criticized the Constitution for its lack of a ___. |
Many states had ratified the Constitution on the condition that
there would be a Bill of Rights, and many Anti-Federalists had criticized the Constitution for its lack of a Bill. |
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Amendments to the COnstitution couldbe proposed in 2 ways:
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Constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of states
2/3 votes in both houses of COngress |
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James Madison did not want to summon a COnstitutional convention in case Antifederalists took the chance to get more power, he decided to___
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Draft the amendments hjimself, and guided them through congress
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Bill of Rights: The ___ of the COnstitution; adopted in ___
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1st 10 amendments/1791
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Amendment I
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Amendment I: Freedom of religion, speech or press, assembly, and petition.
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Amendment 2
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Amendment II: Right to bear arms (for militia).
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Amendment III:
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Amendment III: Soldiers can’t be housed in civilian homes during peacetime.
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Amendment IV
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Amendment IV: No unreasonable searches; all searches require warrants.
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Amendment V
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Amendment V: Right to refuse to speak during a civil trial; No Double Jeopardy (trying someone 2x for same crime)
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Amendment VI
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Amendment VI: Right to a speedy and public trial.
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Amendment VII
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Amendment VII: Right to trial by jury when the sum exceeds $20.
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Amendment VIII
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Amendment VIII: No excessive bails and/or fines.
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Amendment IX:
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Amendment IX: Other rights not enumerated are also in effect. (“People’s Rights” Amendment)
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Amendment X
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Amendment X: Unlisted powers belong to the state. (“States’ Rights” Amendment)
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Judicary Act of 1789
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created federal courrts and organized the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 5 associates, and fed district and circuit courts; office of attorney general.
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First Chief Justice
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John Jay
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Hamilton's Financial Plan
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Bank
Excise Funding at par (face value) Assumption of STate debts Tariff |
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__liked Hamilton's assumption plan but ___did not. Virginia felt it unfair that all
___ Essentially, its rival states would be___, even though they had obtained __ The bargain: |
Massachusetts had a huge debt, but Virginia didn’t, so there needed
to be some haggling. This was because Virginia felt it unfair that all debts were to be assumed by the entire nation. Essentially, its rival states would be at the same level as Virginia, even though they had obtained larger debts. The bargain‡ Virginia would have the District of Columbia built on its land (therefore gaining prestige) in return for letting the government assume all the states’ debts. |
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The “Funding at Par” would gain the support of the rich to ___.
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The “Funding at Par” would gain the support of the rich to the federal government, not to the states.
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He used the debt as an asset: the more people the government owed
money to, ___ |
He used the debt as an asset: the more people the government owed
money to, the more people would care about what would happen to the U.S. as a whole nation. |
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To pay off some of the debt, Hamilton first proposed ___
and the first one, imposing a low ___ of about 8% of the value of___, was passed in 1789. Hamilton also wanted to protect___though the U.S. was still dominated by ___Little was done regarding this. |
To pay off some of the debt, Hamilton first proposed custom duties,
and the first one, imposing a low tariff of about 8% of the value of dutiable imports, was passed in 1789. Hamilton also wanted to protect America’s infant industries, though the U.S. was still dominated by agricultural programs. Little was done regarding this. |
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Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank
Hamilton proposed a national treasury, to be a ___institution modeled after ___, to have the federal government as a major ___, to circulate cash to stimulate ___, to store excess money, and to print money that was ___. This was opposed by Jefferson as being ___ (as well as a tool for the ___). |
Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank
Hamilton proposed a national treasury, to be a private institution modeled after the Bank of England, to have the federal government as a major stockholder, to circulate cash to stimulate businesses, to store excess money, and to print money that was worth something. This was opposed by Jefferson as being unconstitutional (as well as a tool for the rich to better themselves). |
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Hamilton's views on BUS; interpretation of Constitution
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Hamilton’s Views:
What was not forbidden in the Constitution was permitted. A bank was “necessary and proper” (from Constitution). He evolved the Elastic Clause, AKA the “necessary and proper” clause, which would greatly expand federal power. This is a “loose interpretation” of the Constitution. |
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Jefferson’s Views on BUS and interpretation of Constitution
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Jefferson’s Views:
What was not permitted was forbidden. A bank should be a state-controlled item (since the 10th Amendment says powers not delegated in the Constitution are left to the states). The Constitution should be interpreted literally and through a “strict interpretation.” |
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End result of the BUS debate:
End result: ___ won the dispute, and Washington reluctantly___ |
End result: Hamilton won the dispute, and Washington reluctantly
signed the bank measure into law. |
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The Bank of the United States was
created by Congress in 1791, and was chartered for ___ years. It was located in ___ and was to have a capital of ___ Stock was ___, and surprisingly, |
The Bank of the United States was
created by Congress in 1791, and was chartered for 20 years. It was located in Philadelphia and was to have a capital of $10 million. Stock was thrown open to public sale, and surprisingly, a milling crowd oversubscribed in two hours. |
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An excise tax is a tax on ___ including____
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luxuries/WHhiskey
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Whiskey was a valuable medium of ___ for ___in territories not ____.
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grain trade, Western Farmers, represented in Congress
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Whiskey REbellion of 1794 flared up in___ when fed-up farmers revolted against ___
They said they’d been ___ to be taxed. They cried ___ since many were from Tennessee and Kentucky which were ____ and had no one ___ |
In 1794, in western Pennsylvania, the Whiskey Rebellion flared up when fed-up farmers revolted against Hamilton’s excise tax.
Around those parts, liquor and alcohol was often used as money. They said they’d been unfairly singled out to be taxed. They cried “taxation without representation” since many were from Tennessee and Kentucky which were not yet states and had no one in Congress. |
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The Whiskey Rebellion was crushed by ___ Perpetrators were treated ___. It was the last time a President ___.Washington’s new presidency now ___, but
anti-federalists criticized the government’s___The lesson of the Whiskey Rebellion: ___ |
The Whiskey Rebellion was crushed by Washington's entire army. Perpetrators were treated leniently. It was the last time a President personally led troops to battle. Washington’s new presidency now commanded new respect, but
anti-federalists criticized the government’s use of a sledgehammer to crush a gnat. The lesson of the Whiskey Rebellion‡ this government, unlike the Articles, was strong! |
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Hamilton’s policies (___) seemed to encroach on ___
As resentment grew, what was once ___gradually evolved into ___ |
Hamilton’s policies (national bank, suppression of Whiskey Rebellion, excise tax) seemed to encroach on states’ rights.
As resentment grew, what was once a personal rivalry between Hamilton and Jefferson gradually evolved into two political parties. |
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Near the end of Washington’s first term, in 1793, two parties had
evolved: ___ and ___ |
Near the end of Washington’s first term, in 1793, two parties had
evolved: the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and the Hamiltonian Federalists. |
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After the French Revolution turned ___, the ___
rapidly changed opinions and looked nervously at the ___, who felt that ___ Still, neither group ___ |
After the revolution turned radical and bloody, the Federalists
rapidly changed opinions and looked nervously at the Jeffersonians, who felt that no revolution could be carried out without a little bloodshed. Still, neither group completely approved of the French Revolution and its antics. |
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When tBritain was sucked into the French Revolution conflict, the fight spread to ___. With this came the call by the ___ to enter on the side of ___.
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With war came the call by the JDR’s (Jeffersonian
Democratic-Republicans) to enter on the side of France, the recent friend of the U.S., against Britain, the recent enemy. |
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Hamilton leaned toward siding with the ___, as doing so would be ___
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Hamilton leaned toward siding with the Brits, as doing so would be economically advantageous.
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Washington knew that war in the French Revolution could mean ___
since the nation in 1793 was ____ |
Washington knew that war could mean disaster and disintegration,
since the nation in 1793 was militarily and economically weak and politically disunited. |
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In 1793, Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation, proclaiming ____and warning Americans to___
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In 1793, he issued the Neutrality Proclamation, proclaiming the
U.S.’s official neutrality and warning Americans to stay out of the issue and be impartial. |
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Response to Neutrality Proclamation: ___were furious, and this controversial statement irked ___
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JDR’s were furious, and this controversial statement irked both sides, France and England.
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Edward Genet
Erroneously thought that___ He equipped___ Afterward, he was ___ |
Soon afterwards, Citizen Edmond Genêt, a representative of the French REpublic, landed at Charleston, South Carolina, as representative to the U.S.
On his trip to Philadelphia, he had been cheered rousingly by Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans, who supported France, and he came to wrongly believe that Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation didn’t truly reflect the feelings of Americans. Also, he equipped privateers to plunder British ships and to invade Spanish Florida and British Canada. He even went as far as to threaten to appeal over the head of Washington to the sovereign voters. Afterwards, he was basically kicked out of the U.S. |
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Actually, America’s neutrality helped France, since___
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Actually, America’s neutrality helped France, since only in that
way could France get needed American foodstuffs to the Caribbean islands. |
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Treaty of Greenville
Britain still had posts on the frontier, defying what treaty? Why did the Indians sign the Treaty? What was agreed upon? |
Britain still had many posts in the frontier, and supplied the Indians with weapons.
The Treaty of Greenville, in 1795, had the Indians cede their vast tract in the Ohio country to the Americans after General “Mad Anthony” Wayne crushed them at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. It was here that the Americans learned of, and were infuriated by, British guns being supplied to the Indians |
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More F.R. era conflicts with Britain
Ignoring America’s neutrality,__Many ___s cried out for war with Britain, or at least ___, but Washington refused, knowing that such action would destroy ___ |
Ignoring America’s neutrality, British commanders of the Royal Navy
seized about 300 American merchant ships and impressed (kidnapped) scores of seamen into their army. Many JDR’s cried out for war with Britain, or at least an embargo, but Washington refused, knowing that such drastic action would destroy the Hamilton financial system. |
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In a last-ditch attempt to avert war, Washington sent ___
However, his negotiations were sabotaged by ___, who secretly gave the Brits the details of___ |
In a last-ditch attempt to avert war, Washington sent John Jay to England to work something out.
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The results of the Jay Treaty with England weren’t pretty:
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The results of the Jay Treaty with England weren’t pretty:
Britain would repay the lost money from recent merchant ship seizures called “impressment”, but it said nothing about future seizures or supplying Indians with arms. America would have to pay off its pre-Revolutionary War debts to Britain |
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Pinckney Treaty:
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At around the same time as the Jay Treaty,, the Pinckney Treaty of 1795 with Spain gave Americans
free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida. Oddly, it was the pro-British Jay Treaty that prompted Spain to be so lenient in the Pinckney Treaty (since Spain didn’t want America buddying up to their enemy, England). |
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Free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory
north of Florida was given to America in this treaty: |
Pinckney Treaty
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Jeffersonians were furious about Jay's treaty because
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Southern planters had to pay the major share of pre-Revolutionary debts while rich Federalist shippers were collecting damages for recent British seizures.
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After his second term, Washington stepped down, creating a ___. His Farewell Address warned (1) ___(2) ___
Washington had set the U.S. on its feet and had made it sturdy. |
After his second term, Washington stepped down, creating a strong two-term precedent that wasn’t broken until FDR was president.
His Farewell Address warned (1) against political parties and (2) against building permanent alliances with foreign nations. Washington had set the U.S. on its feet and had made it sturdy. |
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After Washington,___was the logical choice to become the next president, but ___
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Hamilton was the logical choice to become the next president, but his financial plan had made him very unpopular.
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In 1796, John Adams, the ablest statesmen of his day with support from ___, won against___, who became ___
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John Adams, the ablest statesmen of his day,with support from New England won, 71 to 68, against Thomas Jefferson, who became vice president.
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Adams inherited several problems in his presidency:
Adams had a hated rival and opponent in___, who___. What about his vice president? He also had a volatile situation with |
Adams had a hated rival and opponent in Hamilton, who plotted with
Adams’ cabinet against the president, and a political rival in his vice president. He also had a volatile situation with France that could explode into war. |
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What was France's reaction to Jay's Treaty?
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France was furious about the Jay’s Treaty, calling it a flagrant
violation of the 1778 Franco-American treaty, and so began seizing defenseless American merchant ships. |
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What happened in the XYZ affair?
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In the XYZ Affair, John Adams sent three envoys (including John
Marshall) to France, where they were approached by three agents, “X,” “Y,” and “Z,” who demanded a load of 32 million florins and a $250,000 bribe just for talking to Talleyrand, the French foreign minister. Even though bribes were routine in diplomacy, such a large sum for simply talking weren’t worth it, and there was no guarantee of an agreement. The envoys returned to America, cheered by angry Americans as having done the right thing for America. |
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"Millions for defense, but not once cent for tribute" mean
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Americans were irate at the sum the French demanded for negotiation. They would not pay "one cent" for mere talk and Adams built up a navy branch under teh Secretary of War.
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Following the XYZ affair was two and a half years of ...
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Irate Americans called for war with France, but Adams, knowing just
as Washington did that war could spell disaster, remained neutral. Thus, an undeclared war mostly confined to the seas raged for two and a half years, where American ships captured over 80 armed French ships. |
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After the XYZ affair, ___were delighted with France's behavior and ___ was disappointed. What preparations ensued despite Jeffersonian opposition?
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After the XYZ affair, Federalists were delighted with France's behavior and JDRs were disappointed. War preparation including the creation of the Navy Department ensued. The US Marine Corps was reestablished after being disbanded at the end of the Revolution; a new army of 10000 was authorized.
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Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party
Talleyrand, knowing that war with the U.S. would add another enemy to France, declared_____ In 1800, the three American envoys were met by ___, who was eager to work with the U.S. The treaty in 1800, signed in Paris, ended the ___in return for the Americans ___ In keeping the U.S. at peace, John Adams lost___ and his chance at but he did the right thing, keeping the U.S. ___ while it was still weak. |
Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party
Talleyrand, knowing that war with the U.S. would add another enemy to France, declared that if another envoy was sent to France, that it would be received with respect. In 1800, the three American envoys were met by Napoleon, who was eager to work with the U.S. The treaty in 1800, signed in Paris, ended the 1778 alliance in return for the Americans paying the claims of its shippers’ as alimony. In keeping the U.S. at peace, John Adams plunged his popularity and lost his chance at a possible second term, but he did the right thing, keeping the U.S. neutral while it was still weak. |
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What were the Alien Laws?
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The Federalists scorned the poor European immigrants, who in turn were welcomed by the JDR’s.
With the Alien Laws, Federalists therefore raised the residence requirements for aliens who wanted to become citizens from five to fourteen years, a law that violated the traditional American policy of open-door hospitality and speedy assimilation. Another law let the president deport dangerous aliens during peacetime and jail them during times of war. |
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The Sedition Act
Provided that...? Aimed toward? Conveniently written to expire in 1801 becasue? Who was Matthew Lyon? |
The Sedition Act provided that anyone who impeded the policies of
the government or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment; it was aimed at newspaper editors and the JDR’s. While obviously unconstitutional, this act was passed by the Federalist majority in Congress and upheld in the court because of the majority of Federalists there too. It was conveniently written to expire in 1801 to prevent the use of it against themselves. Matthew Lyon was one of those imprisoned when he was sentenced to four months in jail for writing ill things about President John Adams. |
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Despite Jeffersonian outcries against the Alien and Sedition Acts, Anti-French hysteria___
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gave the Acts popular support. In the elections of 1798-99, the Federalists won the most sweeping victory of their history.
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Virginia(___) and Kentucky(___) Resolves
Written by? In response to? Introduced what theory? ON what basis? |
Resentful Jeffersonians would not take the Alien and Sedition Acts laws lying down, and
Jefferson feared that the Federalists, having wiped out freedom of speech and of the press, might wipe out more. He wrote a series of legislation that Kentucky approved in 1798-99, and friend James Madison wrote another series of legislation (less extreme) that Virginia approved. They stressed the “compact theory” which meant that the 13 states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a contract regarding its jurisdiction, and the individual states were the final judges of the laws passed in Congress. In other words, the states had made the federal government, the federal government makes laws, but since the states made the federal government, the states reserve the right to nullify those federal laws. This compact theory is heard at this point, then again in 1832 regarding the national tariff, then again in the 1850s over slavery. Civil War erupts afterwards. Notably, this theory goes by several names, all synonymous: the “compact theory,” “states’ rights theory,” or “nullification.” This legislation set out to kill the Sedition and Alien Laws. |
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nullification
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also, “compact
theory,” “states’ rights theory,” :States have a right to disobey legislature it believes unconstitutional. |
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In response to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, the Federalists argued...
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Federalists, though, argued that the people, not the states, had
made the contract, and it was up to the Supreme Court to nullify legislation, a procedure that it adopted in 1803. |
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The Federalists
Most Federalists were the old Federalists from before___ They wanted a strong government ruled by the ___ Most had these occupations: Liked which country? |
The Federalists
Most Federalists were the old Federalists from before the Constitution. They wanted a strong government ruled by the educated aristocrats, the “best people.” Most were the merchants, manufacturers, and shippers along the Atlantic seaboard. They were mostly pro-British and recognized that foreign trade was key in the U.S. |
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The Democratic-Republicans
Republicans were led by ___, and appealed to ___ They desired rule by ___and a weaker central government that would preserve ___. Liked which country? Jefferson was rich and even owned slaves, but he sympathized with ___ Emphasized what regarding national debt? They were mostly ___and insisted on no privileges for ___ They saw ___was ennobling |
The Democratic-Republicans
Republicans were led by Thomas Jefferson, a poor speaker but a great leader, and an appealer to the common people. They desired rule by informed classes and a weaker central government that would preserve the sovereignty of the states. They were mostly pro-French. Jefferson was rich and even owned slaves, but he sympathized with the common people. They emphasized that national debt had to be paid off. They were mostly agrarians (farmers), and insisted on no privileges for the upper class. They saw farming was ennobling: it kept people away from wickedness of the cities, in the sun, and close to God. |
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"Aliens" were sympathetic to the French Revolution and therefore likely to vote___
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Antifederalist
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"Seditionists" were in
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the South
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In the 1800 election, who was the Federalist opportunist running as an antifederalist to be on the winning side in response to the unpopularity of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
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Aaron Burr
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How did Jefferson finally win against Burr?
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Hamilton threw his weight behind Jefferson despite disliking Jefferson, as did Adams, because Burr was an ass and if elected the public outcry would doom the Federalist
Party. |
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The “Revolution of 1800” was that (1) ___
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The “Revolution of 1800” was that (1) there was a
peaceful transfer of power; Federalists stepped down from office after Jefferson won and did so peacefully, though not necessarily happily and |
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"Father of the American Navy"
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John Adams; known as such ironically because his military preparations after the XYZ affaiar looked unecessary and extravagant.
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Jefferson kept many Federalists policies. What was done concerning...
Bank of the US? Tariff? Alien and SEdition acts and the convicted journalists? Naturalization? Standing army and navy? Excise tax? |
BUS allowed to exist
Tariff- retained at 8% A and S Acts allowed to expire Journalists pardoned Naturalization from 14 years back to 5 years Army and navy reduced to reduce gov't expenses and presidential power. Unlike A and S acts, the Excise was actively repealed. |
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Albert Gallatin
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Jefferson's new secretary of the treasury, Albert Gallatin, reduced the national debt substantially while balancing the budget.
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Judicary Act of 1801
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The Judiciary Act, passed by the Federalists in their last days of
Congressional domination in 1801, packed newly created judgeships with Federalist-backing men, so as to prolong their legacy. |
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John Marshall
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A staunch federalist and CHief Justice for the next 14 years. Extablished Judicial Review in Marbury v. Madison and repealed Adams's act of having 15 justices.
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Marbury v. Madison
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William Marbury had been one of the
“midnight judges” appointed by John Adams in his last hours as president. He had been named justice of peace for D.C., but when Secretary of State James Madison decided to shelve the position, Marbury sued for its delivery. Marshall dismissed the case, but he said that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, thus suggesting that the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws (AKA, “judicial review”). |
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The Impeachment of Samuel Chase set what precedent?
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In 1804, Jefferson tried to impeach the tart-tongued Supreme Court
justice, Samuel Chase, but when the vote got to the Senate, not enough votes were mustered, and to this day, no attempt to alter the Supreme Court has ever been tried through impeachment. One cannot impeach based on political views. This attempt to reform the Supreme COurt failed. |
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War with Tripoli
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Jefferson had a natural fear of a large, strong, standing military
since such a military could be turned on the people. So, he reduced the militia to 2500 men, and navies were reduced a bit to peacetime footing. Non-interventionalist Jefferson had a problem of whether to fight or not, and he reluctantly sent the infant navy to the shores of Tripoli, where fighting continued for four years. Blockading Tripoli ports with gunboats proved victorious.Jefferson succeeded in extorting a treaty of peace from Tripoli in 1805 for $60,000. Barbary Pirates demanded tributes higher from the US than from any other country because the US had no navy to defend itself. |
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Stephen Decatur
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commanded the small (mosquito) fleet and became a war hero.
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THe mosquito fleet
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The small, mobile gunboats used in the Tripolitan War fascinated
Jefferson, and he spent money to build about 200 of them (these boats might be zippy and fast, but they did little against large battleships). The years eventually showed building small ships to be a poor decision. |
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THe Louisiana Purchase
Over what did negotiations with France begin? Who was sent to negotiatiate? |
Napoleon put his sibligs on European thrones. At this point, .
In 1800, Napoleon secretly induced the king of Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France. Spain had Florida. THe French took Spain's holdings West of the MIssissippi Then, in 1802, the Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed by the Pinckney Treaty of 1795. Such deposit privileges were vital to the frontier farmers who floated their goods down the Mississippi River to its mouth to await oceangoing vessels. These farmers talked of marching to New Orleans to violently get back what they deserved, an action that would have plunged the U.S. into war with Spain and France. In 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join regular minister Robert R. Livingston to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east of the river for a total of $10 million, tops. |
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What was received in the Louisiana Purchase?
Why the generosity? |
Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and the land west of
it, Louisiana, for a bargain of $15 million, thereby abandoning his dream of a French North American empire. This abandonment was due to the rebellion in Haiti, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, which had been unsuccessful, but had killed many French troops due to yellow fever. The decision to sell Louisiana was also because Napoleon needed cash to renew his war with Britain. |
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Jefferson was in a dilemma in the Louisiana Purchase becase?
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Jefferson had a dilemma, since the Constitution said nothing about
purchasing foreign land, but on the other hand, this deal was simply too good to pass up!q |
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Federalists opposed the purchase because...?
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Federalists, normally loose interpreters, took a strict
interpretation and opposed the purchase. Federalist didn’t want the new lands because they correctly foresaw new lands meant new settlers and new states, which meant more farmers and more Republicans |
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In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent William Clark and Meriwether
Lewis to _____Along with a Shoshoni woman named ___, the two spent ___marveling at the expanses of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, and the landscape and went all the way to___before returning. |
In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent William Clark and Meriwether
Lewis to explore this new territory. Along with a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, the two spent 21/2 years exploring the land, marveling at the expanses of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, and the landscape and went all the way to Oregon and the Pacific before returning. |
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The Essex Junto, 1804
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The Federalists now sank lower than ever, and tried to scheme with
Aaron Burr to make New England and New York secede from the union; in the process Aaron Burr killed Hamilton in a duel. |
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THe Burr Conspiracy, 1806
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Burr went to the Southern Part of the Louisiana Purchase to speak to Spain about making the southwest into his own kingdom. He asked a WIlkinson for funds; Wilkinson consented before betraying Burr. In the ensuing trial for treason, no witnesses were found.
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1804 Yaoo Land Confederacy
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Jefferson seemed to be favoring his friends with illegal land grants in Georgia.
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Describe the indirect blows exchanged by Britain and France
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In the Napoleonic Wars, Britain ruled the seas and France the land and were locked in stalemate.
In 1806, London issued the Orders in Council, which closed ports under French continental control to foreign shipping, including American, unless they stopped at a British port first. Likewise, Napoleon ordered the seizure of all ships, including American, which entered British ports. |
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What British practice led to the 1812 war?
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Impressment (illegal seizure of men and forcing them to serve on
ships) of American seamen also infuriated the U.S.; some 6,000 Americans were impressed from 1808-11. |
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An episode of impressment on what ship showed London clearly in the wrong?
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In 1807, a royal frigate the Leopard confronted the U.S. frigate,
the Chesapeake, about 10 miles off the coast of Virginia, and the British captain ordered the seizure of four alleged deserters. When the American commander refused, the U.S. ship received three devastating broadsides that killed 3 Americans and wounded 18. In an incident in which England was clearly wrong, Jefferson still clung to peace. This led to the Embargo Acts. |
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In order to try to stop the British and French seizure of American
ships, Jefferson resorted to an ___ |
In order to try to stop the British and French seizure of American
ships, Jefferson resorted to an embargo. His belief was that the only way to stay out of the war was to shut down shipping. |
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The embargo was shortsighted
Jefferson overestimated (1) and (2) |
Jefferson thought Britain and France relied on American goods (it
was really the opposite, Americans relied on Europe’s goods). Also, the U.S. still had a weak navy and a weaker army. |
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The Embargo Act of late 1807
Forbade? Net result? People resorted to? |
The Embargo Act of late 1807 forbade the export of all goods from
the United States to any foreign nation, regardless of whether they were transported in American or foreign ships. The net result was deserted docks, rotting ships in the harbors, and Jefferson's embargo hurt the same New England merchants that it was trying to protect. The commerce of New England was harmed more than that of France and Britain. Farmers of the South and West were alarmed by the mounting piles of unexportable cotton, grain, and tobacco. Illegal trade mushroomed in 1808, where people resorted to smuggling again. |
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Non-intercourse act
Provided for? Effective? |
Finally, coming to their senses and feeling the public’s
anger, Congress repealed the act on March 1, 1809, three days before Jefferson’s retirement and replaced it with the Non-Intercourse Act, which reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except France and England. However, this act had the same effect as the Embargo because America’s #1 and #2 trade partners were Britain and France. Thus, economic coercion continued from 1809 to 1812, when war struck. |
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The Embargo failed for 2 reasons.
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The embargo failed for two main reasons: (1) Jefferson
underestimated the bulldog British and their dependence on American goods and (2) he didn’t continue the embargo long enough or tightly enough to achieve success. |
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During the time of the embargo, the Federalist Party ___
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During the time of the embargo, the Federalist Party regained some of its lost power.
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How did the Embargo affect industry?
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However, during this embargo, resourceful Americans also opened and
reopened factories, and thus, the embargo helped to promote industrialism—another irony since it was Jefferson who was committed to an agrarian, while it was his archrival Alexander Hamilton who was committed to industry. |
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Macon's Bill (#2)
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Under the Non-Intercourse Acts, if either ENgland or France stopped trade restrictions, the US would resume trade with that country only. France came forward and trade resumed with France, seeming like a treaty and basis for war with Britain.
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After Jefferson,___ became president.
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Fellow antifederalist James Madison
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What was Madison's gamble? Did it work?
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Madison allowed the passage of Macon's Bill.
Napoleon had his opportunity: in August of 1810, he announced that French commercial restrictions had been lifted. Madison, gambled that the threat of seeing the US trade exclusively with France would lead the British to repeal their restrictions.Of course, Napoleon lied, and never really lifted restrictions, but meanwhile, America had been duped into entering European affairs against Great Britain. |
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"War Hawks"
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In 1811, new young politicians swept away the older
“submission men,” and they appointed Henry Clay of Kentucky, then 34 years old, to Speaker of the House. The western politicians also cried out against the Indian threat on the trans-Allegheny frontier. These young, aggressive Congressmen were known as “War Hawks.” |
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Jefferson's presidential mission was to
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Restore Republican experiment, check government power.
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The Impeachment of Samuel CHase was revenge for
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Marbury v. Madison
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The Louisiana PUrchase set several precedents
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That the United States, not COlonies, would emerge
THe last European was gone from North America; disentanglement from old-world grudges. Strengthened US claim to Oregon territory. |
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Tecumseh and Tenskwata (The Prophet
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Indians had watched with increasing apprehension as more and more
whites settled in Kentucky, a traditionally sacred area where settlement and extensive hunting was not allowed except in times of scarcity. Thus, two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet, decided that the time to act was now, and gathered followers, urging them to give up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments, arguing eloquently for the Indian’s to not acknowledge the White man’s “ownership” of land, and urging that no Indian should cede control of land to whites unless all Indians agreed. Confederacy of all tribes east of Mississippi |
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War-hawks and frontiersmen were convinced that _____ were helping Tecumseh and the Indians.
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The British in Canada. War was declared against Britain in 1812, with a House vote of 79 to 49 and a very
close Senate vote of 19 to 13, showing America’s disunity. |
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What happened at the battles of Tippecanoe and Thames?
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On November 7, 1811, American general William Henry Harrison
advanced upon Tecumseh’s headquarters at Tippecanoe, killed the Prophet, and burned the camp to the ground. Tecumseh was killed by Harrison at the Battle of the Thames in 1813, and the Indian confederacy dream perished. |
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The Battle of Horseshoe Bend
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In the South, Andrew Jackson crushed the Creek Indians at the
Battle of Horseshoe Bend on March 27, 1814, effectively breaking the Indian rebellion and leaving the entire area east of the Mississippi open for safe settlement. |
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Who was for and against the 1812 War?
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The South, West, JDRs in PENN and VA supported war. Pro-British Federalists in both North and South were smympathetic with Britain agasint brutal Napoleon. They also feared acquisition of Canada, since more agarian land meant more support for JDRs
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In brief, America’s reasons for entering the War of 1812 were…
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In brief, America’s reasons for entering the War of 1812 were…
“Freedom of the seas” – The U.S. wanted the right to sail and trade without fear. Possibility of land – The U.S. might gain Canada or Florida. Indian issues – Americans were still upset about British guns being giving to Indians. |
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New England during the 1812 war
What did they do? |
Lend supplies, food, money to Canada and enabled the British to invade NY
Governors forbade their militias from serving When US won the war, the Federalists looked like douchebags and thus ended the Federalist party. |
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"debt is a curse"
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Aplbert Gallatin
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Expedition led by Lewis and Clark across Louisiana Purchase
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Corps of Discovery
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Which amendment "balanced the ticket"?
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XII. Stated a President chose his runningmate rather than be forced to accept the runner-up as vice president.
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