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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Saggital Plane
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divides the animal into left and right unequal sides
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Median Plane
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Divides animal into equal halves along the spine
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Transverse Plane
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Divides animal into head and tail halves
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Dorsal Plane
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Divides the animal into back and belly (think of the dorsal fin on the back of a dolphin).
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Cranial Direction
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Toward the head
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Rostral Direction
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Toward the nose when referring to the head
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Caudal Direction
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Towards the tail
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Dorsal Direction
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Toward the back
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Ventral Direction
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Towards the belly
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Medial Direction
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Towards the inside of the body-towards the spine for example.
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Lateral Direction
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Towards the outside/side of the body
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Deep Direction
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Towards the center
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Superficial Direction
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Towards the surface
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Proximal Direction
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Towards the body (on an extremity)
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Distal Direction
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Away from the body (on an extremity)
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Describe the levels the body is organized into
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cells--tissues--organs--organ systems
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What are the 4 elements that make up 95% of living tissue
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carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen
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Prokaryotes
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cells with no nucleus
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Eukaryotes
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cells with a nucleus
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What was Robert Hooke's discovery?
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Made his own microscope and developed the cell theory
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What are the 3 essential cell structures?
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cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
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What are 2 functions of the cell membrane?
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1.Barrier from outside environment
2.Governs the movement of atoms and molecules. |
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What are the 2 layers in the cell membrane?
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hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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Hyrophobic layer
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1 of 2 layers of the cell membrane -inside layer
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Hydrophilic layer
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1 of 2 layers of the cell membrane-outside layer
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Cilia
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an extension of the cell membrane that propels mucous and debris across the cell surface
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Cytoplasm
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inner substance of the cell
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What are organelles?
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structures inside the cytoplasm
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Organelles
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structures inside the cytoplasm that have specialized functions
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Mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell, breaks down glucose and creates ATP
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Ribosomes
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Where protein is produced
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Endoplasmic Reticulum ER
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The ER transports and stores materials in the cell, There are 2 types: smooth and rough.
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Rough ER
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Has ribosomes on the surface
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Smooth ER
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Does not have ribosomes on the surface
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Golgi Apparatus
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acts as distribution center for molecules (packs proteins created by ER and ships them out)
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Lysosomes
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They break down and digest cellular debris
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Autolysis
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When a lysosome digests a dead cell (self digestion)
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Nucleus main function
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Contains DNA and directs cellular activities
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What is the largest organelle?
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the nucleus
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What are the 4 main parts of the nucleus?
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1. nuclear envelope 2. nucleoplasm 3.chromatin 4. nucleoli
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What is the nuclear envelope?
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layer covering the nucleus which allows protein molecules to move in and RNA molecules to move out.
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nucleoplasm
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gel like substance that fills the nucleus
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Chromatin
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inside the nucleus, contains DNA and proteins arranged in loose strands-during cell division the chromatin become chromosomes
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Nucleoli
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inside the nucleus, where ribosomal subunits are made, also contains the DNA that governs how RNA is made
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Interstitial fluid
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fluid found in tissues
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What are the 3 compartments where water is found in the body?
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Intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid.
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What are the 2 major components of body fluids?
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ions and electrolytes
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Ions
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charges substances located in all the fluid compartments,
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Electrolytes
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Ions that are capable of conducting electrical impulses
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What are the 4 passive membrane processes
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1.Diffusion 2.Facilitated Diffusion 3.Osmosis 4.Filtration
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Diffusion
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When molecules move from a concentrated region to an area less concentrated.
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What is the main difference between passive vs. active membrane transport?
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Passive does not use energy (ATP) while active does
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What are 3 factors that determine if molecules pass through the membrane through passive diffusion?
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1. molecule size (smaller pass easier) 2.lipid solubility (lipids pass easier) 3.molecular charge
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Facilitated Diffusion
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when a carrier protein allows an otherwise large or nonlipid soluble molecule to enter the cell membrane
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Give an example of Facilitated Diffusion
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glucose entering the cell
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What limits facilitated diffusion?
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the # of carrier proteins in the cell
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Osmosis
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the movement of water to acheive equal concentrations. When there is high and low concentrations of water seperated by semi-permeable membrane, then the 2 solutions will find equilibrium. Only applies to water
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What fluid is moved in osmosis vs. diffusion
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osmosis moves water while diffusion moves solutes.
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Isotonic
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when intra and extracellular fluids have equal concentrations
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Hypotonic
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when extracellular fluid is less concentrated than intracellular fluid, therefore water flows into the cell to equal out the concentrations which causes the cell to swell
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Hypertonic
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when the extracellular fluid is more concentrated than intracellular fluid, therefore water flows out of the cell to equal out the concentration, causing the cell to shrink
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Filtration
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based on pressure to move liquids, uses hydrostatic pressure (ie:blood pressure) to move a liquid from higher to lower concentration
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Active Transport
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process that moves ions or molecules across a cell membrane-does not require a concentration gradient-uses atp(energy) to be accomplished
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endocytosis
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when substances go into the cell-the plasma membrane engulfs the substances and closes the membrane around it
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exocytosis
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the passage of materials that are too large to be diffused out of a cell-the cell packages the materials into vesicles and pushes them out of the cell.
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2 main phases of mitosis
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interphase and mitotic phase
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interphase
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period between cell division where growth and functions are normal
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G1
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1st part of Interphase where cell enlarges and organelles replicate
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G2
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part of interphase when enzymes and proteins are synthesized and centrioles complete their replication
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centrioles
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an organelle that aids in cell division-it splits into 2 and migrates to opposite sides of the dividing cell to organize spindle fibers
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centromere
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holds a pair of chromatids together as a chromosome and then holds that chromosome to a spindle fiber during cell division
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Synthetic Phase (S)
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during interphase when cell begins to replicate and synthesize DNA to prepare for cell division
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What are the 3 subphases of Interphase?
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Growth 1 (G1), Synthetic phase (S), Growth 2 (G2)
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Prophase
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1st stage of mitosis: Chromosomes coil and condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, the spindle forms
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Metaphase
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2nd stage of mitosis: spindle fibers line up all the chromosomes in the middle of the cell
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Anaphase
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3rd stage of mitosis: spindles pull 2 identical copies of each chromosome apart at the centromere to opposite sides of the cell,
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Telephase
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4th and final stage of mitosis: chromosones become less condensed, spindle dissapears, nuclear membrane re-forms around each new set of chromosomes, cell pinches into 2 new daughter cells
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Which organelle is responsible for breaking down material taken into the cell?
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Lysosomes (think of lysol)
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Mitosis
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cell division that occurs for growth and tissue repair
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Transcription
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Copies DNA molecules to RNA molecules
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What contains all the instructions to make cell proteins
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DNA
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Aborad
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moving away from the mouth
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