A&p Ch. 1 Intro/terminology

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

the study of body structure

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

science of body functions. Is a process. Includes homeostasis.

Front 3

What does structure have to do with function?

Back 3

Structure mirrors function.

Front 4

surface anatomy

Back 4

study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation.

Front 5

gross anatomy

Back 5

study of anatomical structure visible to unaided eye. What is below surface, requires cutting = "gross"

Front 6

developmental anatomy

Back 6

study of fertilized egg developing into its adult form.

Front 7

embryology

Back 7

subcategory of developmental anatomy (conception to 8th week of gestation)

Front 8

histology

Back 8

the study of tissues

Front 9

cytology

Back 9

study individual cellular structures.

Front 10

pathology

Back 10

study of anatomical changes due to disease. Use gross inspection, cytologic, histologic, and laboratory examinations to discover source of the disease.

Front 11

autopsy

Back 11

postmortem (after death) exam of body and internal organs done by pathologist. Determine cause, identify diseases not detected during life, determine extent of injuries and contribution to death, identify hereditary conditions.

Front 12

What are the 6 levels of organization?

Back 12

Atom, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Front 13

atoms

Back 13

smallest unit of matter

Front 14

cell

Back 14

basic structural and functional units of an organism

Front 15

tissues

Back 15

groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function.

Front 16

What are the four types of tissues?

Back 16

epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous.

Front 17

organs

Back 17

structures composed of two or more different types of tissues (all but the simplest of organs have all 4 basic tissues represented.) Organs have specific functions and recognizable shapes.

Front 18

organ system

Back 18

consists of related organs with a common function. Ex. digestive system.

Front 19

How many organ systems are the in the body?

Back 19

11

Front 20

What are the six important life processes?

Back 20

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.

Front 21

metabolism

Back 21

sum of all catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) chemical processes that occur in the body.

Front 22

responsiveness

Back 22

body's ability to detect and respond to changes which might represent an opportunity or threat

Front 23

movement

Back 23

any motion, including movement of tiny subcellular structures, or movement inside cells or organs.

Front 24

growth

Back 24

increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both. muscle cells get larger/smaller.

Front 25

differentiation

Back 25

development of a cell from a specialized state.

Front 26

stem cells

Back 26

give rise to cells that undergo differentiation. stem= undifferentiated.

Front 27

homeostasis

Back 27

condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment. dynamic condition meant to keep body functions in the narrow range compatible with maintaining life. Maintain internal environment no matter the conditions.

Front 28

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Back 28

the fluid within cells

Front 29

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Back 29

the fluid outside cells

Front 30

interstitial fluid

Back 30

ECF between cells and tissues

Front 31

blood plasma

Back 31

ECF within blood vessels

Front 32

lymph

Back 32

ECF within lymphatic vessels

Front 33

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 33

ECF in brain and spinal cord.

Front 34

synovial fluid

Back 34

ECF in joints

Front 35

aqueous humor

Back 35

ECF in eyes

Front 36

What nutrients move back and forth across capillary walls?

Back 36

glucose, oxygen, ions and removes wastes

Front 37

Homeostasis

Back 37

Challenged by physical insults, changes in internal environment, physiological stress

Front 38

What are the 3 parts of the body's feedback system?

Back 38

receptor, control center, effector.

Front 39

receptor

Back 39

body structure that monitors change in a controlled condition (such as body T) and sends input to the control center.

Front 40

control center

Back 40

sets range of values to be maintained-usually this is done by the brain. Evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command. output=nerve impulses, hormones, and other chemical agents. Brain acts as control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temperature receptors. *receives input from receptor, gives output to effector.

Front 41

effector

Back 41

receives output from control center, produces response or effect that changes controlled condition.

Front 42

negative feedback system

Back 42

reverses a change in a controlled condtion

Front 43

positive feedback system

Back 43

strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.

Front 44

Give an example of a negative feedback system?

Back 44

Blood pressure. Stimulus increases BP. Baroreceptors detect it and send nerve impulses to brain. Response sent via nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels causes BP to drop.

Front 45

Give an example of a positive feedback system?

Back 45

Childbirth. Reinforces or enhances a change. Uterine contractions, receptors in cervix send impulse to brain. Oxytocin released in blood. Contractions and cycle continues until baby is born.

Front 46

How is diagnosis of a disease done?

Back 46

Assess signs and symptoms, medical history, collect info about event, present illnesses, physical exam, and past medical probs.

Front 47

physical examination

Back 47

orderly evaluation of the body and its function, noninvasive techniques and other vital signs (pulse)

Front 48

Integumentary system

Back 48

skin and related structures. Protect body, regulate temp, eliminate waste through sweat and other secretions.

Front 49

skeletal system

Back 49

consist of bones and joints, provide protection and support, houses cells that will become RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

Front 50

muscular system

Back 50

skeletal, cardiac,and smooth muscle. facilitate movement, maintain posture, generate heat necessary for warm-blooded organisms to maintain constant body temp.

Front 51

nervous system

Back 51

brain, spinal cord, nerves,and sensory organs. senses and responds to body conditions through nerve impulses.

Front 52

endocrine system

Back 52

hormone producing cells and glands. regulate body through chemicals by releasing hormones into blood.

Front 53

cardiovascular system

Back 53

heart, blood, blood vessels. carries blood and nutrients to specific locations, regulate body temp. and water balance.

Front 54

lymphatic system

Back 54

immunity. lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, tonsils, spleen, thymus gland. transport fat and proteins to cardiovascular system, filter blood and protect against disease.

Front 55

respiratory system

Back 55

upper airways, trachea, major bronchi, lungs. extract oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. regulates acid/base balance.

Front 56

digestive system

Back 56

esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, liver, and gallbladder. Accomplishes physical and chemical breakdown of food and elimination of waste.

Front 57

urinary system

Back 57

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra. involved in collection and excretion of waste products in urine, and regulation of fluid, electrolyte and acid/base balance.

Front 58

reproductive system

Back 58

ovaries, uterus, vagina in female. testes and penis in male. associated organs and glands. reproduction of individual or organism.

Front 59

What is an example of many body systems working together?

Back 59

thermal regulation. involves muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, integumentary.

Front 60

anatomical position

Back 60

subject stands erect facing observer with the head level, eyes forward, feet flat and forward.

Front 61

superior

Back 61

above, top, toward head.

Front 62

inferior

Back 62

below, bottom, away from head

Front 63

anterior (ventral)

Back 63

to the front

Front 64

posterior (dorsal)

Back 64

to the back

Front 65

superficial

Back 65

toward the surface

Front 66

deep

Back 66

toward the core

Front 67

visceral

Back 67

pertaining to a covering over an organ

Front 68

parietal

Back 68

pertaining to a covering against a cavity wall

Front 69

cranial

Back 69

skull

Front 70

cervical

Back 70

neck

Front 71

cubital

Back 71

elbow

Front 72

carpal

Back 72

wrist

Front 73

patellar

Back 73

front of knee

Front 74

orbital

Back 74

eye

Front 75

thoracic

Back 75

chest

Front 76

inguinal

Back 76

inguinal

Front 77

metacarpal

Back 77

hand/palm

Front 78

plantar

Back 78

sole of feet

Front 79

buccal

Back 79

cheek

Front 80

axillary

Back 80

armpit

Front 81

femoral

Back 81

thigh

Front 82

gluteal

Back 82

buttock

Front 83

tarsal

Back 83

ankle

Front 84

digital

Back 84

toes

Front 85

phalangeal

Back 85

fingers

Front 86

body planes

Back 86

imaginary flat surfaces that separate body or body part into portions. there are three major planes at right.

Front 87

sagittal

Back 87

midline

Front 88

transverse

Back 88

horizontal

Front 89

frontal

Back 89

coronal

Front 90

midsagittal (midline)

Back 90

equal halves

Front 91

parasagittal

Back 91

unequal halves

Front 92

oblique planes

Back 92

at an angle

Front 93

dorsal cavity

Back 93

brain and spinal cord posterior

Front 94

ventral cavity

Back 94

anterior

Front 95

cranial cavity

Back 95

formed by the cranial bones, protects the brain

Front 96

vertebral canal

Back 96

formed by bones of vertebral column, contains spinal cord

Front 97

meninges

Back 97

layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Front 98

What is in the dorsal/posterior cavity?

Back 98

cranial cavity, vertebral, meninges

Front 99

What is in the ventral cavity?

Back 99

thoracic cavity (sternum, ribs, thoracic portion of bony vertebral column)

Front 100

abdomniopelvic cavity

Back 100

extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled b the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis.

Front 101

abdominal cavity

Back 101

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines.

Front 102

pelvic cavity

Back 102

urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine.

Front 103

serous membranes

Back 103

lines thoracic and abdominal cavities. Thin, slippery, double-layered membranes.

Front 104

pleural membranes

Back 104

serous membranes that cover lungs and walls of pleural cavity

Front 105

pericardial membrane

Back 105

serous membrane that covers the heart and the pericardial cavity walls.

Front 106

peritoneal

Back 106

serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs and abdominal cavity walls.

Front 107

oral cavity

Back 107

tongue and teeth

Front 108

nasal cavity

Back 108

part of the upper airways

Front 109

orbital cavity

Back 109

contain eyeballs and various nerves and blood vessels

Front 110

middle ear cavity

Back 110

contain small bones of middle ear.

Front 111

synovial cavity

Back 111

found in freely movable joints like the large joints of the shoulder and hip

Front 112

What is the trick for remembering the quadrants? (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ?)

Back 112

GIL PISS IR IR!

Front 113

Abdomniopelvic quadrants and regions? (9)

Back 113

Right Hypochondriac epigastric
Right Lumbar umbilical
Right Inguinal hypogast
Left regions: left hypochon, left lumbar, left inguinal