A&p 1 Ch 3 & 4 Test

Front 1

Listand define the major structural components of a cell

Back 1

Plasma Membrane - forms a cells surface boundary

Cytoplasm - material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Cytoskeleton - a supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules

Organelles - performs various metabolic tasks for the cell

Inclusions - accumlated cell products; lipids and pigments

Cytosol - clear gel between membrane and nucleus

Front 2

Name the fluids that occur inside and outside a cell

Back 2

IntracellularFluid (ICF) – Fluid within the cell

ExtracellularFluid (ECF) – All body fluids not contained in the cells also called

Tissue Fluid (located in between the cells)

Front 3

State the size range of human cells and explain why cell size is limited

Back 3

Micrometer (onemillionth) of a meter, a cell cannot attain UNLIMITED size. If a cell grew excessively large it would rupture like a water balloon.

Front 4

Identify the components of the plasma membrane that encloses each cell

Back 4

Membrane Lipids – Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipids

MembraneProteins – Integral Protein’s,Glycoproteins, Peripheral Proteins, (functions include; Receptors, Enzymes,Channel Proteins, Carriers, Cell-Identity Markers, Cell-Adhesion molecules)

Front 5

State the functions of each molecular component of the plasma membrane

Back 5

Receptor – receive and bind chemical signals from other cells

Enzymes – carry out chemical reactions at the membrane surface,degrading signal molecules after message is received and breaking downnutrients into forms the intestine can absorb

Channel Proteins – (Ion Channel) tunnels through them that allow water and Hydrophilic solutes to enter or leave a cell.

Carriers – actively bind a substance on one side of the membrane and release it on the other side (transport glucose, amino acids, sodium,potassium, calcium)

Front 6

State the functions of each molecular component of the plasma membrane

(continued)

Back 6

Cell IdentityMarkers – Glycoproteins andglycolipids are a cell identification tags, genetically unique to an individual. Enables immune system to distinguish what belongs to one owns body and what does not, so it can attack such things as bacteria and parasites Cell-Adhesionmolecules – (CAM’s) are membrane proteins that link cells to each other and to extracellular material; they bind tissue together like coupling between railroad cars (sperm-egg binding) (immunecell-cancer cell)

Front 7

Describe the composition, appearance, and functions of the glycocalyx that coats each cell

Back 7

All cells are covered with a fuzzy carbohydrate coat called (Gylcocalyx)It consists of short chains of sugars belonging to the glycolipids, andglycoproteins. It also cushions the plasma membrane and protects it from physical and chemical injury. It also functions in cell identity, and thus the body’s ability to distinguish its own healthy cells from diseased cells (transfusions)

Front 8

Describe the structure and functions of microvilli, cilia, and flagella

Back 8

Microvilli – folds of cell membrane, may be associated with protein filaments

Cilia – (primary cilium) are hair like processes about 7 – 10nm long, with axoneme core

Flagella – single long structure with axoneme core , the whip like tail of a sperm (used to crawl)

Front 9

Name the different types of junctions that connect cells to each other, and describe their functions

Back 9

Cell Junctions –protein at the cells surface that link cells together and attach them to extracellular material.

Tight Junction – completely encircles the epithelial cell near it supper end and joins it tightly to adjacent cells. Tight Junctions ensure that absorbed materials must pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.· Gap Junction – is formed by a ring of six proteins arranged some what like the segments of an orange. Nutrients pass from cell to cell-using gap junctions.

Front 10

Define selectively permeable membrane

Back 10

Selectivelypermeable membrane – membrane allows some substances to pass through but holds back others, especially those too large to pass

Front 11

Define active transport

Back 11

Active Transport – process that employs a protein and uses energy from ATP to move a solute through the membrane up its concentration gradient – that is, from one side where it is less concentrated to the side where it already is concentrated.

Front 12

Define Simple Diffusion

Back 12

is the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration, in other words, down a concentration gradient.

Front 13

Define Osmosis

Back 13

is the net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from the side where there is a relatively low concentration of solutes to the side where there is a higher solute concentration

Front 14

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 14

is the movement of a solute through a cell membrane, down its concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier. It does not involve any ATP.

Front 15

Define Sodium-PotassiumK Pump

Back 15

binds 3 sodium ions from the ICF and ejects them from the cell, then binds two potassium ions from the ECF and releases these into the cell, repeats the process over and over using 1 ATP molecule.

Front 16

Define Vesicular Transport

Back 16

cells move larger particles or droplets of fluid through the membrane in bubble-like vesicles.

Front 17

Describe the cytoskeleton, its three components, and its functions

Back 17

Cytoskeleton – is a network of protein filaments and tubules, forms a very dense supportive web in the cytoplasm. Microfilaments – are about 6 nm thick, form a terminal web on the internal side of plasma membrane

IntermediateFilaments – 8-10 nm thick, are thicker and stiffer that microfilaments, they contribute to the strength of the desmosomes and include the tough protein, keratin, fills the epidermis and gives strength to the skin· Microtubules – 25 nm thick, are hollow cylinders of protein. They hold organelles in place, from bundles that maintain cell shape and rigidity.

Front 18

Give some examples of cell inclusions and explain how inclusions differ from organelles

Back 18

Inclusions – two kinds, stored cellular products such as pigments,fats, globules, and glycogen and foreign bodies such as viruses and bacteria.Inclusions are never enclosed in a membrane and unlike organelles they are not essential to cell survival

Front 19

List the main organelles of a cell and explain their functions

Back 19

Nucleus – the largest organelle, and usually the only one visible with the light microscope, most cells only have one nucleus

EndoplasmicReticulum – “little network within”they cytoplasm, interconnected channels called cisternae, enclosed by a membrane.

Ribosomes – are small granules of protein, read coded genetic messages from the nucleus and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code (ribosomal ribonucleic acid – rRNA)

Golgi Complex – is a small cluster of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoproteinsynthesis

Lysosomes – is a package of enzymes enclosed in a membrane;digestive enzymes· Peroxisomes – not produced by the Golgi complex, abundant in liver and kidneys cells, primary function to breakdown fatty acids into two carbon molecules, also neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol and other drugs.· Mitochondria – organelles specialized for ATP synthesis

Centrioles – is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubule sarranged in nine groups of three microtubules

Front 20

Define transcription and translation

Back 20

Transcription - step from DNAto mRNA – unzips the double helix (mirror image of the gene)

Translation– The process of reading mRNA molecule and synthesizing the proteinen coded in its nucleotide sequence; step from mRNA to protein

Front 21

Describe the stages of a cell’s life cycle

Back 21

First Gap Phase(G1) – in an interval between cell division; the birth of two new cells from the parent cell and DNA replication

Synthesis Phase – is the period in which a cell carries out DNAreplications; doubling its DNA content in preparation for the upcoming celldivision

Second Gap Phase – brief interval, between DNA replication and cell division; finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division

Mitotic Phase – is the period in which the cell undergoes mitosis – it replicates its nucleus, divides its DNA into two identical sets (one pernucleolus) and pinches it in half to form two genetically identical daughter cells.

DNA Polymerase – reads the base sequence on one strand and assembles nucleotides In the right order to make a complementary strand, most active in the Synthesis Phase

Front 22

Name the stages of mitosis and describe what occurs in each

Back 22

Prophase – chromosomes condense and nuclear envelopes break down

Metaphase – chromosomes lie along midline of cell, some spindle fibers attach to centromeres and others to the plasma membrane

Anaphase – centromeres divide into two; spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cells

Telophase – chromosomes gather at each pole of a cell;

Cytokinesis – achieved by a motor protein pulling on the membrane skeleton; division of the cytoplasm

Front 23

Name the four primary classes of adult tissues

Back 23

Epithelia

Connective

Nervous

Muscular

Front 24

Visualize the three-dimensional shape of a structure from a two-dimensional tissue section

Back 24

Front 25

Interpret descriptive terms for various shapes of cells

Back 25

Squamous – thin,flat, scaly shape. Lines the esophagus and form the surface layer (epidermis)of the skin.

Cuboidal –Squarish, and about equal in height and width. Good examples are found in the kidney tubules and liver.

Columnar – distinctly taller than wide, as the inner lining cells of to mach and intestines. Polygonal - Having irregular,angular shapes with four, five, or more sides

Stellate – having multiple pointed processes projecting from the body of a cell giving itsome what star like shape. Most nerve cells are Stellate.

Spheroidal to ovoid– round to oval as in egg cells and white blood cells

Discoidal – disc shaped as in red blood cells Fusiform – spindle shaped, elongated, with a thick middle and tapered ends, as in smooth muscle cells

Fibrous – long,slender, and threadlike as in skeletal muscle

Front 26

Describe the properties that distinguish epithelium from other tissue classes

Back 26

Epithelium covers the body surface,lines body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of many organs,and constitutes most gland tissue

Front 27

Define basement membrane, basal surface, apical surface, and lateral surface, simple and stratified epithelium

Back 27

Basement Membrane - Between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is a layer called the basement membrane

Basal Surface – the cell surface attached to the basement membrane

Apical Surface –upper surface opposite of the basement membrane

Lateral Surface –surface between the basal and apical surface

Simple Epithelium –every cell touches the basement membrane

StratifiedEpithelium – some cells rest on top of other cells

Front 28

List and classify eight types of epithelium, distinguish them from each other, and state where each type can be found in the body

Back 28

Simple SquamousEpithelium – thin scaly cells (flat) – found in air sacs of lungs

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium – squarish rounded cells – forms walls of kidney tubules-Simple Columnar Epithelium – tall narrow cells lines most of digestive track from stomach to anal

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium – not reaching top – house goblet cells – found in large pathways in the respiratory system-Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Keratinized) – covered with dead cells, packed with keratin-Stratified Squamous Epithelium(Non-keratinized) – found in oral cavity, party of pharynx, esophagus, and vagina and anus -Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium – protective function; found on sweat glands, exocrine glands, male urethra

Transitional Epithelium – urinary tract allows for stretching of the bladder as it fills

Front 29

Recognize Epithelial Types

Back 29

Front 30

Describe the properties that most connective tissues have in common

Back 30

In most cases bind organs together, Is richly supplied with blood vessels; they are also the most abundant.

Front 31

Discuss the types of cells found in connective tissue

Back 31

Fiber type –Collagen

Fibroblast are the most common cell type-

Macrophages – engulf and destroy bacteria -Leukocytes – defense against bacteria, toxinsand other foreign agents -Adipocytes – fat cells Chondrocytes – cells of cartilage · Osteocytes – found in bone cells· Erythrocytes – red blood cells

Leukocytes – combat infections

Front 32

Explain what the matrix of a connective tissue is and describe its components

Back 32

Extracellular material of a tissue. Composed of tissue fluid

Front 33

List 10 types of connective tissue

Back 33

Areolar:
Adipose:
Reticular:
Dense Regular:
Dense Irregular:
Elastic Connective Tissue:
Hyaline:
Elastic Cartilage:
Fibrocartilage:
Bone:
Blood:

Front 34

Explain what distinguishes excitable tissues from other tissues

Back 34

Excitability is the characteristic of all living cells; nervous and muscular tissue. Electrical charge on the plasma membrane

Front 35

Name the cell types that compose nervous tissue

Back 35

Consist of neurons(nerve cells) Glial cells which protect and assist neurons

Front 36

Identify the major parts of a nerve cell

Back 36

· Neuron; has a cell body that houses the nucleus; several short filaments processes calleddendrites; then the axon/nerve fiber that sends signals out

Front 37

Name the three kinds of muscular tissue and describe the differences between them

Back 37

Skeletal – voluntary muscle

Cardiac –involuntary

Smooth – involuntary

Front 38

Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands

Back 38

Exocrine - release a secretion onto an epithelial surface and usually into the lumen (internal cavity) of another organ. (sweat, mammary,salivary glands, kidneys and liver)

Endocrine - have no ducts, but instead, release their products into the bloodstream

Front 39

Compare modes of glandular secretion

Back 39

Merocrine – Release by exocytosis, Milk, Sugar Apocrine – coalesce from the cytosol into a single droplet, sweat glands (axillary) · Holocrine glands –break down then become secretion

Front 40

Describe the structure of mucous and serous membranes.

Back 40

Know that mucous membranes line cavities that open to the outside of the body

and that serous membranes cover organs and line the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 41

Define hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and neoplasia

Back 41

Hyperplasia – tissue growth through cell multiplication

Hypertrophy –Enlargement of preexisting cells Neoplasia – development of a tumor

Front 42

Define regeneration and fibrosis. Discuss scar tissue

Back 42

Regeneration:replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before

Fibrosis:replacement of damage tissue with scar tissue

Scar tissue – helps to hold an organ together

Front 43

Name and describe some modes and causes of tissue shrinkage and death

Back 43

Atrophy – shrinkage of a tissue through loss in a cell size or number. (Muscle shrinking) Necrosis – death of a tissue through trauma (infection or infarction)