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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the blood clotting process/ three hemostatic mechanism the |
There are three hemostatic mechanisms, VASCULAR SPASM, PLATELET PLUG FORMATION, COAGULATION
First vascular spasm constricts the broken blood vessel reducing hemorrhage. In platelet plug formation a large mass of platelets aggregate and undergo degranulation. Degranulation promotes hemostasis. Coagulation finished the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss. |
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The cell that forms ALL cell lines |
Pluripotent stem cell |
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Colony-forming unit |
Erythrocyte that has receptors for factors that stimulate development |
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Precursor cells |
Erythroblast and reticulocyte. |
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Mature cell |
Erythrocyte |
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Classify the following statements and characteristics with the appropriate method of clotting prevention |
Plasmin |
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Viscosity |
The resistance of a fluid to flow. It results from the cohesion of a fluids particles. It is the thickness or stickiness of a fluid. If it is too high the blood flows too sluggishly. |
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Osmolarity |
Re absorption between the bloodstream and tissue fluid is governed by it. Transfer of fluids is a balance between filtration from the capillary and reabsorption. If it's too high the bloodstream absorbs too much water raising the blood pressure. |
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Describe the structure of hemoglobin. |
Consists of 4 protein chains. 2 are alpha and 2 are beta proteins. Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein heme group. This group contains an iron ion on the center. This center portion will reversibly bind oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
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Primary polycythemia |
Due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow. |
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Pernicious anemia |
Occurs when the stomach glands fail to produce intrinsic factor |
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Iron deficiency |
Usually caused by blood loss without sufficient compensatory iron ingestion. |
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Thalassemia |
A deficiency or absence of alpha or beta hemoglobin |
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Secondary polycythemia |
Can result from dehydration |
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Sickle cell disease |
Caused by a recessive allele that modifies the hemoglobin beta chain |
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Describe how blood types are based on large molecules called antigens and antibodies. |
Antibodies bind to antigens and mark them for destruction. One method of destruction is called agglutination in which each antibody binds two or more antigens. After binding, the antigens are stuck together. Repitition of this process produces antigen antibody complexes. These complexes immobilize the antigens until immune cells can break them down. |
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Type AB+ |
Expresses: All of the major antigens The A agglutinogen The Rh factor The D antigen
The universal acceptor The least common US blood type |
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Type O- |
The universal donor The most common US blood type Expresses all of the major antibodies Expresses the B agglutinin |
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In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains____. |
Are broken down by macrophages into amino acids |
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In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron____. |
Is transported by transferrin to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. |
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Which of the following sequence is correct in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme? Heme, biliverdin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces, urine |
Heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces, urine. |
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Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin. True or false |
True |
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Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver. True or false. |
True |
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The pathways of coagulation Extrinsic |
Damage to perivascular tissues Thromboplastin (factor III) Factor VII |
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The pathways of coagulation Intrinsic |
Factor XII Factor IX Factor XI |
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Common pathway of coagulation |
Prothrombin activator Fibrin cross-linking Factor III Factor XIII |
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Describe the erythrocytes death and disposal |
As an RBC ages and its membrane proteins deteriorate, the membrane becomes fragile. Without a nucleus the RBC cannot synthesize the protein spectrin found in the membrane. Many of these deteriorated RBC'S die in the spleen. Additionally, the kidneys can break up an RBC and split the hemoglobin molecule up to release recyclable portions |
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Hemophilia characteristics |
It has sex linked recessive mechanism of heredity. Most hemophilia occurs predominantly in males. Classical hemophilia (hemophilia A) is caused by a lack of factor VIII. Hemophilia B is caused by a lack of factor IX. |
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What are the components of the circulatory system? |
Heart, blood vessels, and blood |
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Platelets |
Are not cells but small fragments of marrow cells called megakaryocytes. Complex internal structure: lysosomes, mitochondria, microtubules, and micro filaments. They have no nucleus |
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Describe the ABO group |
Blood types A, B, AB, And O form the ABO blood group. Your ABO blood type is determined by the presence or absence of antigens on your RBC'S. Each antigen will have a different carbohydrate complex on the surface of the RBC. Additionally, plasma will contain antibodies. These antibodies react with foreign RBC antigens. |
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Cardiovascular system Transportation |
Movement of O2 to the tissues of the body. Movement of CO2 from tissues to the lungs. Distribution of hormones. Movement of urea to the kidneys. Distribution of absorbed nutrients throughout the body. |
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Cardiovascular protection |
Formed elements help destroy pathogens. Platelets work to plug holes in blood vessels due to trauma. Globulins contribute to the elimination of infectious agents. |
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Cardiovascular regulation |
Bicarbonate buffers acids and bases. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation due to temperature changes |
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Three hemostatic mechanism |
Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Blood clotting (coagulation )
Platelets play an important role in all three. |
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Vascular spasm |
The first stage in hemostasis Involves vasoconstriction |
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Platelet plug formation |
The second stage in hemostasis Involves the disruption of prostacyclin Involves endothelial collagen exposure Involves degranulation and serotonin, thromboxane A2 and ADP |
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Coagulation |
The last stage in hemostasis Also known as clotting Involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Includes intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms |
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In addition to the ABO and Rh groups, there are at least 100 other known blood groups, but they rarely cause transfusion reactions. True or false |
True |
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Describe erythrocytes homeostasis |
Hypoxemia is inadequate oxygen transport and can be detected by the kidneys and liver. When detected, erythropoietin is produced and secreted. EPO will stimulate the red bone marrow to produce RBC's. This will result in an increase of oxygen transport throughout the body. Thus, the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a negative feedback loop. |
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Plasma contains? |
Antibodies, fibrinogen, glucose, chloride, hormones |
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Formed elements of blood contains? |
Platelets, neutrophils, erythrocytes, leukocyte, and monocytes. |
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Explain the consequences if ABO blood group does not match the recipients. |
In the ABO blood group, transfusions need to be matched. It is important that the antibodies in the plasm do not react with the RBC's. If an incorrect match is made, donor RBC's become agglutinated. This clumping will occur in the recipients plasma and will affect blood flow to vital organs |
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Plasma composition |
Water represents 92% by weight. Albumin is 60% of the total protein portion. The most abundant nitrogenous waste is urea. |
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Erythrocytes |
Red blood cells RBC |
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Leukocytes |
White blood cells WBC |
