Apbio - Test - Immune System (Ch 43)

Front 1

What are the 6 organs of the Immune system?

Back 1

Bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's Patches

Front 2

What does the internal environment of animals provide?

Back 2

Conditions for growth of bacteria, viruses, and other organisms

Front 3

The first line of defense is made of these

Back 3

Skin and mucous membranes, defensive cells and chemicals

Front 4

What do the defensive cells and chemicals do in the first line of defense?

Back 4

They protect against invaders through skin or openings in the body

Front 5

Physical barrier in the first line of defense

Back 5

Skin

Front 6

What covers the skin in the first line of defense?

Back 6

Oily and acidic secretions from sweat glands

Front 7

Breaks down the cell walls of bacteria

Back 7

Lysozyme

Front 8

Where is lysozyme contained?

Back 8

Saliva, tears, sweat, and other secretions on mucous membranes

Front 9

Lines the nostrils,trachea, and lungs

Back 9

Cilia

Front 10

Describe the path of microbes throughout the first line of defense

Back 10

Cilia filters them, mucus traps then, they get sweped out of the lungs, gastric juices kills most of them

Front 11

Kills most microbes

Back 11

Gastric juices

Front 12

Where is symbiotic bacteria found?

Back 12

Digestive tract and vagina

Front 13

What do symbiotic bacteria do?

Back 13

They out-compete many other organisms that could cause damage

Front 14

Four main things involved in the second line of defense

Back 14

Phagocytes, interferons, complement, inflammatory response

Front 15

Is the first line of defense specific?

Back 15

It is non-specific

Front 16

Is the second line of defense specific?

Back 16

It is non-specific

Front 17

White blood cells that will engulf and destroy invaders

Back 17

Phagocytes

Front 18

Three types of phagocytes

Back 18

macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells

Front 19

Develop from monocytes that wander in interstitial fluid to "eat" bacteria and viruses

Back 19

Macrophages

Front 20

Released from bone marrow; release a chemical "bleach" into infected tissue

Back 20

Neutrophils

Front 21

Destroys abnormal body cells (tumors) or the body's own pathogen infected cells by lysis

Back 21

Natural killer cells

Front 22

Produced by virus infected cells to help other cells resist the virus

Back 22

Interferon

Front 23

Are interferons virus specific?

Back 23

No but they are host specific

Front 24

How may interferons act against cancer?

Back 24

By stimulating immune response

Front 25

What do interferons stimulate the production of?

Back 25

Antiviral proteins

Front 26

Group of 20 proteins that interact with other branches of the defense network

Back 26

Complement

Front 27

Complements may stimulate release of _____

Back 27

Histamines

Front 28

Complements may coat invaders to facilitate _____

Back 28

Phagocytosis

Front 29

Complements may cause cells to _____

Back 29

Lyse

Front 30

Nonspecific events; occur in response to pathogens

Back 30

Inflammatory response

Front 31

Inflammatory response occur in response to _____

Back 31

pathogens

Front 32

What triggers inflammatory response

Back 32

Damage to cells or entrance of pathogen

Front 33

White blood cells in connective tissue

Back 33

Basophils

Front 34

Basophils secrete _____

Back 34

Histamines

Front 35

_____ arrive at scene

Back 35

Macrophages

Front 36

Histamines cause _____ to increase blood flow to the damages area

Back 36

Vasodilation

Front 37

Dilation of blood vessels

Back 37

Vasodilation

Front 38

Vasodilation does what to capillaries?

Back 38

Makes them more porous to release more fluid containing WBC's to collect at site of inflammation

Front 39

What does increased blood flow cause?

Back 39

Redness and swelling

Front 40

_____ cause increase in temperature which makes area inhospitable to pathogens

Back 40

Pyrogens

Front 41

What do pyrogens do that destroys pathogens?

Back 41

They increase the temperature

Front 42

What attracts phagocytes to the site?

Back 42

Chemical gradients of complement

Front 43

Engulf pathogens and damaged cells

Back 43

Phagocytes

Front 44

Dead cells, WBCs, and fluid from capillaries

Back 44

Pus

Front 45

Which line of defense takes the longest?

Back 45

Third line

Front 46

Molecule identified as foreign

Back 46

Antigens

Front 47

The third line of defense causes cells to either attack specific invaders or produce _____

Back 47

Antibodies

Front 48

MHC stands for

Back 48

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Front 49

Collection of glycoproteins on cell membranes of all cells that are unique to each individual

Back 49

MHC

Front 50

Where do lymphocytes originate?

Back 50

Bone marrow

Front 51

Where are lymphocytes located?

Back 51

Lymphatic tissue (Lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen)

Front 52

These are mature lymphocytes that identify and respond to specific antigens

Back 52

Immunocompetence

Front 53

Once activated by antigens, lymphocytes multiply and develop into _____ cells

Back 53

Effector

Front 54

What do effector cells do?

Back 54

Respond to antigens but live only a few days

Front 55

What are the two types of immune responses?

Back 55

Cell mediated and humoral

Front 56

T cells

Back 56

Cell mediated

Front 57

B cells

Back 57

Humoral

Front 58

What are the types of lymphocytes?

Back 58

B cells and T cells

Front 59

Secrete antibodies

Back 59

B cells

Front 60

Where do B cells originate and mature?

Back 60

Bone marrow

Front 61

B cells are involved in _____ immune response

Back 61

Humoral

Front 62

B cells have specialized _____ ______, called antibodies

Back 62

Antigen receptors

Front 63

What do antigens do when they encounter B cells?

Back 63

They bind to them and they produce two kinds of daughter B cells

Front 64

Two kinds of daughter B cells

Back 64

Plasma cells and memory cells

Front 65

Proteins which are specific to particular antigens

Back 65

Antibodies

Front 66

What are the 5 classes of antibodies or immunoglobulins?

Back 66

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
Or just MADGE

Front 67

What do each class of antibodies do?

Back 67

They recognize a particular antigen and aid elimination

Front 68

Gives antibodies specificity to their antigen

Back 68

Variable region

Front 69

Shape of the variable region of antibodies

Back 69

Y shaped with 2 arms

Front 70

How do antibodies inactivate antigens?

Back 70

Binding to them (agglutination) then phagocytosis occurs and then lysis of pathogens

Front 71

B cells that release their specific antibodies that locate and bind to antigens

Back 71

Plasma/effector cells

Front 72

B cells that also produce antibodies but do not release their antibodies during initial invasion

Back 72

Memory cells

Front 73

They are long-lived and they provide future immunity

Back 73

Memory cells

Front 74

The action of memory cells in the basis of _____

Back 74

Vaccinations

Front 75

T cells are involved in _____ - _____ response

Back 75

Cell mediated

Front 76

Where do T cells originate and mature?

Back 76

Originate in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus gland

Front 77

Receptor sites for non-self cells

Back 77

Plasma membrane receptors

Front 78

Three types of T cells

Back 78

Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells

Front 79

Cytotoxic T cells are also known as

Back 79

Killer T cells

Front 80

When T cells encounter non-self (Pathogens, etc), they divide and produce _____ T cells and _____ T cells

Back 80

Killer, Helper

Front 81

Binds directly to antigen bearing cell or non-self cells causing them to lyse

Back 81

Kilerl T cells

Front 82

Secretes chemicals to activate production of macrophages, then bind to those cells after they engulf pathogens

Back 82

Helper T cells

Front 83

Stimulate production of B cells and Killer T cells

Back 83

Interleukins

Front 84

What produces interleukins?

Back 84

Helper T cells

Front 85

Inhibit activity of macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells when Killer T cells are done with their job

Back 85

Suppressor T cells

Front 86

Malfunctions and failures of the immune system

Back 86

Autoimmune diseases, allergies, aids

Front 87

Examples of autoimmune diseases

Back 87

Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes

Front 88

Passive immunity is _____

Back 88

Temporary

Front 89

How is passive immunity obtained (Not vaccination)?

Back 89

By transferring antibodies from another person (Ex: Mother to infant through placenta)

Front 90

Passive immunity is also obtained by ?

Back 90

Injecting antibodies from an individual who had the disease previously

Front 91

Longer lasting immunity

Back 91

Active immunity

Front 92

Body is stimulated to produce antibodies and memory cells will be present when exposed again

Back 92

Active immunity

Front 93

When does primary immune response occur?

Back 93

When a first exposure to antigen stimulates production of memory cells and effector (plasma) cells

Front 94

How long does it take effector cells to be produced during primary immune response?

Back 94

Lag time of several days

Front 95

Occurs when 2nd exposure to the same antigen reactivates memory cells

Back 95

Secondary immune response

Front 96

Secondary immune response rapidly produces more _____ cells and large number of effector cells

Back 96

Memory

Front 97

Secondary immune response is _____ and more prolonged than primary immune response

Back 97

Faster

Front 98

Memory cells may live for _____; effector cells live for _____

Back 98

Decades; days

Front 99

Example of how secondary immune response may provide lifetime immunity

Back 99

Mumps

Front 100

What affects the number of white blood cells?

Back 100

Hormones secreted by adrenal glands during stress