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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diffusion is across the membrane in animals with what?
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Gastrovascular cavities
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Examples of animals with gastrovascular cavities
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Cnidarians, planarians, flatworms
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The hearts of an earthworm are called...?
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Aortic arches
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Clam and crayfish use an open system that uses _____
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Hemolymph
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Has heart, blood, blood vessels
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Cardiovascular system
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Composition of plasma
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90% water, yellow straw colored, organic nutrients, wastes, hormones, and minerals
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Inorganic salts, and blood proteins
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Electrolytes
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Protein - Deals with osmotic balance
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Albumin
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Fibrinogen is _____ fibrin is _____
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Inactive, active
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Fibrin deals with _____
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Clotting
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Blood consists of _____ which deal with defense
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Immunoglobulins
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Life span of RBC
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120 days
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Shape of RBC
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Circular, biconcave, small
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Do RBC have nuclei?
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No but they have mitochondria
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Where do RBC pick up O2?
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In the alveoli of lungs
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What does the O2 bond with when the RBC carry it?
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Bonds to iron in hemoglobin and carries it to cells
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After hemoglobin carries O2, diffusion occurs and does what?
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Releases O2 and picks up CO2
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Where are ribs, sternum, vertebrate, made?
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Red bone marrow
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WBC and larger than RBCs and have a _____ nucleus
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Lobed
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WBC have these 3 types
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Monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes
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Clean up tissues
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Monocytes
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Eat bacteria (65-75%)
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Granulocytes
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Three types of granulocytes, known as BEN cells
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Basophil, esinophil, neutrophil
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Fight disease; form antibodies
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Lymphocytes
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How are antibodies formed
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From converting the immunoglobulins to antibodies
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Small, non-cellular, plug leaks, aid in the clotting process
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Platelets
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Thromboplastin reacts with what to form thrombin?
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Prothrombin and calcium
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Thrombin changes fibrinogen to what?
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Fibrin
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Clotted blood under the skin
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Bruise
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Proteins on the surface of the RBC
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Antigens
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Proteins that specifically matches an antigen so that they can combine
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Antibodies
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Clumping reaction between an antigen and antibody; clotting
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Agglutination reaction
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Atria have _____ walls, while ventricles have _____ walls
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Thinner, thicker
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Sacs surrounding the heart
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Pericardium
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Divides the right and left sides of the heart
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Septum
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"Pacemaker"; controls the rate of contraction
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SA Node
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Where is the SA node?
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In the right atrium wall; muscle and nerve tissue
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Relays to ventricle after .1 second
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AV Node
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Strong, muscular, stretch, thick-walled, 3 layers of tissue. Carry blood away from heart
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Arteries
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Thin, less muscular, less elastic, no pressure, one way valves. Return blood to heart
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Veins
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What aids the blood returning through the veins?
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Muscular contractions
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Toward the heart = ?
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De-oxygenated blood
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What tissue layer makes up capillaries
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Endothelium
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What blood cells can pass through capillary wall to clean up tissues?
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WBC
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What is the lymphatic system?
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The lymph filters through the lymph nodes which also attack viruses and bacteria; it returns leaked water and blood proteins
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5 pathways of circulation
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Pulmonary, systemic, coronary, renal, hepatic-portal
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To lungs and back
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Pulmonary
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To other tissues and organs and back (Body)
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Systemic
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To the heart itself and back
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Coronary
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To kidneys and back
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Renal
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Through digestive organs to liver and back
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Hepatic-portal
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Tissue in the right atrium wall
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SA Node
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Where is the AV node located?
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Near the middle of the heart
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SA node causes _____ to contract and the AV node causes _____ to contract
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SA Node : Atria
AV Node : Ventrioles |
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Pulse; number of heartbeats per minute
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Heart Rate
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Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle each time it contracts
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Stroke volume
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Volume of blood per minute that the left ventricle pumps into systemic circuit; depends on heart rate and stroke volume
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Cardiac output
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Sequence of events during each heartbeat; last about .8 seconds
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Heart Cycle
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Heart muscle contracts to pump blood; higher number (top number)
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Systole
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Ventricles are filling with blood; lower number (bottom number)
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Diastole
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Hydroastatic force that blood exerts against a vessel wall
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Blood pressure
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Chest pains that occur when the heart receives insufficient O2
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Angina pectoris
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Blood clot that blocks blood vessels
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Thrombus
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Plaques develop on inner wall of arteries and narrow vessels (when plaque hardens)
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Atherosclerosis
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Respiratory medium for terrestrials and aquatic animals
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Air for terrestrials, water for aquatic animals
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Portion of the animal surface where gas exchange occurs (Gills, lungs, skin)
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Respiratory surface
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Where do protozoa exchange gases?
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Over their entire surface
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Flatworms and cnidarians have structures that allow plasma membrane to do what?
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Contact outside surface through their skin
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What are the respiratory surfaces like in larger animals?
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Moist, single epithelial cell layers separating the respiratory medium from the blood or capillaries
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Gill cover
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Operculum
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Operculum can be all over the body in theses
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Echinoderms
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Operculum can be in each segment in these
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Earthworms
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Pores in which air enters the trachea
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Spiracles
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Cartilage lined tube with epiglottis to cover it during swallowing
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Trachea
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Two branches of the trachea
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Bronchi
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Small sac at end of each bronchiole; surrounded by capillaries
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Alveoli
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Volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath during quiet normal breathing
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Tidal volume
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Maximum air volume inhaled and exhaled during forced breathing
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Vital capacity
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Amount of air remaining in lungs after forced exhalation
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Residual volume
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