Apbio - Plants - Test

Front 1

Period of plants from green algae

Back 1

Silurian

Front 2

Period of diversification of vascular plants

Back 2

Devonian

Front 3

Period of the origin of seed plants

Back 3

End of Devonian

Front 4

Period of the radiation of flowering plants

Back 4

Cretaceous

Front 5

What are the forerunners of modern plants?

Back 5

Green algae

Front 6

What division is green algae in?

Back 6

Chlorophyta

Front 7

Green algae have _____ in cell walls

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Cellulose

Front 8

Three advantages of moving from water to land

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Greater availability of sunlight for photosynthesis, increased levels of CO2, and decreased vulnerability to predation

Front 9

Prevents desiccation through evaporation

Back 9

Cuticle

Front 10

Prevents gametes from drying out

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Gametangia

Front 11

Absorb water from soil

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Xylem

Front 12

Earliest plant fossil

Back 12

Cooksonia

Front 13

Carbohydreates are stored as _____ in plastids

Back 13

Starch

Front 14

Phylum is replaced by _____ in the plant kingdom

Back 14

Division

Front 15

Classification with no true roots, stems, or leaves

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Nonvascular

Front 16

Classification that has true roots, stems, and leaves

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Vascular

Front 17

Division that includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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Byophyta

Front 18

Ferns and fern allies

Back 18

Seedless

Front 19

List examples of seedless vascular plants (4)

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Ferns, whiskferns, club mosses, horsetails

Front 20

Division that includes ferns

Back 20

Pterophyta

Front 21

Clustered sporangia on bottom of fronds

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Sori

Front 22

Includes gymnosperms and angiosperms

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Seeded vascular plants

Front 23

Cycads, cone bearing plants, ginkgo, and gnetae are examples of

Back 23

Gymnosperms

Front 24

Flowering plants

Back 24

Angiosperms

Front 25

Division of angiosperms

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Anthophyta

Front 26

Two classes of angiosperms

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Monocots and dicots

Front 27

Most common in damp, shady habitats. On land but lack terrestrial adaptions

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Bryophytes

Front 28

Lack woody tissues; therefore are low-growing

Back 28

Bryophytes

Front 29

Male gametangia of Bryophytes

Back 29

Antheridium

Front 30

Female gametangia of Bryophytes

Back 30

Archegonium

Front 31

How do bryophytes soak up water?

Back 31

They imbibe water like sponges and distribute via diffusion, capillary action, and cytoplasmic streaming

Front 32

List the three divisions of bryophytes

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Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Front 33

Spring from capsule to release spores in liverworts

Back 33

Elaters

Front 34

Liverworts can reproduce asexually from _____

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Gemmae

Front 35

Resemble liverworts but sporophytes are horn-shaped

Back 35

Hornworts

Front 36

Examples of gymnosperms

Back 36

Pines, firs, spruce, yews, cedars, junipers, cypress, redwoods

Front 37

material embedded in cellulose cell walls for support

Back 37

Lignin

Front 38

Specialized cells for support

Back 38

Fibers

Front 39

Less specialized; long and tapered; function in water transport and support

Back 39

Tracheids

Front 40

Smaller pollen cones bearing pollen; larger ovulate cones

Back 40

Heterosporous

Front 41

Angiosperms use insects and animals as _____ for transferring pollen

Back 41

Vectors

Front 42

(Angiosperms) Reproductive structure; compressed shoot with 4 whorls of modified leaves

Back 42

Flower

Front 43

Modified petals; enclose the bud and protect it

Back 43

Sepals

Front 44

Aid in attracting pollinators

Back 44

Petals

Front 45

(Angiosperm) Female part; evolved from seed-bearing leaf that rolled into a tube

Back 45

Carpel (Pistol)

Front 46

The Carpel contains _____, _____, and _____

Back 46

Stigma, style, ovary

Front 47

(Angiosperm) Male part; produces pollen

Back 47

Stamen

Front 48

The stamen is made up of _____ and _____

Back 48

Anther and filament

Front 49

A ripened ovary that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal

Back 49

Fruit

Front 50

How do fruits become sweet?

Back 50

Organic acids and starch are changed to sugars

Front 51

Develops from several flowers. EX: pineapple

Back 51

Multiple fruit

Front 52

1 ovary; EX: Cherry, peach

Back 52

Simple fruit

Front 53

Several ovaries that are part of the same flower EX: strawberry

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Aggregate

Front 54

External structure

Back 54

Morphology

Front 55

Internal structure

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Anatomy

Front 56

Fills space between dermal and vascular tissue; differ mostly by the nature of their cell walls

Back 56

Ground tissue

Front 57

Most common component of ground tissue; least specialized; thin, flexible walls; lack secondary walls; storage, photosynthesis, and secretion

Back 57

Parenchyma

Front 58

Have unevenly, thick but flexible cell walls; grouped in strands or cylinders; support functions; lack secondary cell walls

Back 58

Collenchyma

Front 59

Rigid, thicker walls, which are strengthened by lignin

Back 59

Sclerenchyma

Front 60

Two forms of support functions of sclerenchyma

Back 60

Fibers and scleroids

Front 61

Epidermis cells, single layer; secrete waxy substance for cuticle

Back 61

Dermal tissue

Front 62

Dermal tissue covers what part of the plant for what?

Back 62

Outside for protection

Front 63

Consists of two major kinds of tissues: xylem and phloem that usually occur together to form vascular bundles for transport and support

Back 63

Vascular tissue

Front 64

Vascular tissue that is dead at maturity

Back 64

Xylem

Front 65

Two kinds of xylem cells

Back 65

Tracheids and vessel members

Front 66

Long, thin tapered cells; have lignin hardened secondary walls with pits

Back 66

Tracheids

Front 67

Shorter and wider than tracheids, have less or not taper at ends, water passes from one to another through perforations

Back 67

Vessel members

Front 68

Carries organic compounds, sucrose from "Shoot to roots"

Back 68

Phloem

Front 69

Phloem are living at maturity but lack _____ and _____

Back 69

Nuclei and ribosomes

Front 70

Phloem are made of cells called _____-_____ _____ that form fluid food conducting columns called _____ _____

Back 70

Sieve tube members, sieve tubes

Front 71

Keep sieve tubs alive and nourished

Back 71

Companion cells

Front 72

Pores on end walls in phloem form _____ _____, where cytoplasm of one cell makes contact with the next

Back 72

Sieve plates

Front 73

Connects companion cells

Back 73

Plasmodesmata

Front 74

Grow as long as the plant lives; EX: flower parts

Back 74

Indeterminate

Front 75

Any actively dividing part of plant; remains embryonic, unspecialized

Back 75

Meristems

Front 76

Located in root tips and shoot buds; supply cells for plant growth in length; initiates primary growth

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Apical meristems

Front 77

Name three plants with finite life spans

Back 77

Annuals, biennials, perennials

Front 78

Allow outward growth (thickens plant)

Back 78

Lateral meristems

Front 79

Root cap/tip

Back 79

Protective covering of apical meristem behind it

Front 80

Where primary growth occurs at tips of roots and shoots

Back 80

Zone of cell division

Front 81

Cells increase in length; root tip gets longer (10X original size)

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Zone of elongation

Front 82

Cells mature into vascular tissues of xylem, phloem, parenchyma or epidermal cells

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Zone of maturation

Front 83

Gives rise to epidermis; outermost layer; protection

Back 83

Protoderm

Front 84

Forms a stele (central cylinder) where xylem and phloem develop

Back 84

Procambium

Front 85

Xylem radiates from the steles center in two or more spokes with phloem in between spokes in these plants

Back 85

Dicots

Front 86

Vascular tissue rings a central pith in these plants

Back 86

Monocots

Front 87

Central core of parenchyma cells

Back 87

Pith

Front 88

Gives rise to ground tissue, cortex and endodermis

Back 88

Ground meristem

Front 89

(In Ground meristem) _____ _____ may sprout from the outermost layer of stele of a root called the pericycle

Back 89

Lateral roots

Front 90

(In ground meristem) Lateral roots may sprout from outermost layer of stele of a root called the _____

Back 90

Pericycle

Front 91

Functions of roots (3)

Back 91

Anchor plant, absorb water and nutrients, store food

Front 92

List three root types

Back 92

Tap root, fibrous root, adventitious root

Front 93

mostly in dicots, large vertical root EX: Carrot

Back 93

tap root

Front 94

Mostly in monocots; mat, thread-like EX: grass

Back 94

Fibrous root

Front 95

Roots above ground

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Adventitious roots

Front 96

Outside surface; produce root hairs which increase absorptive surface area

Back 96

Epidermis

Front 97

Bulk of root; storage of starch

Back 97

Cortex

Front 98

Ring of tightly packed cells at the innermost part of cortex

Back 98

Endodermis

Front 99

Suberin creates the water impenetrable barrier called the _____ _____

Back 99

Casparian strip

Front 100

What does the casparian strip do?

Back 100

Controls the movement of water into the center of the root

Front 101

Where xylem and phloem develop

Back 101

Stele or vascular cylinder

Front 102

The outer part of the stele consists of one to several layers of cells called the _____, from which _____ _____ arise

Back 102

Pericycle, lateral roots

Front 103

Xylem cells fill center of stele in two or more spokes with phloem in between spokes in these types of plants

Back 103

Dicots

Front 104

Vascular tissue alternate in rings that encircle a central pith in these types of plants

Back 104

Monocots

Front 105

Vegetative shoots are _____ and _____, while floral shoots are _____

Back 105

Stems and leaves
Flowers

Front 106

Pores that are mostly on underside of leaves

Back 106

Stomata

Front 107

Regulate opening and closing of stomata and regulate gas exchange and all low transpiration

Back 107

Guard cells

Front 108

Water loss from plant by evaporation

Back 108

Transpiration

Front 109

Ground tissue of leaf; have chloroplasts

Back 109

Mesophyll

Front 110

Columnar cells of upper half

Back 110

Palisade mesophyll

Front 111

Irregular with air spaces for oxygen and carbon dioxide, in lower half just above lower epidermis

Back 111

Spongy mesophyll

Front 112

Various ground tissue types between epidermis and stele

Back 112

Cortex

Front 113

Difference between monocots and dicots with vascular cylinders

Back 113

Dicots have xylem and phloem grouped in bundles which ring a central pith region and cortex outside. Monocots have bundles that are scattered throughout ground tissue

Front 114

Dividing cells at tip of terminal bud

Back 114

Shoot/stem apical meristem

Front 115

Form leaves; on flanks of apical dome

Back 115

Leaf primordia

Front 116

At the base of the leaf primordia is the meristem cells that develop into _____ _____

Back 116

Auxillary buds

Front 117

Dicot growth is concentrated near the _____ _____

Back 117

Shoot tip

Front 118

Monocot growth occurs at each _____ along the stem

Back 118

Node

Front 119

Small holes in young stems to allow air in stem when very active

Back 119

Lenticels

Front 120

Lies between the xylem and phloem; extends the length of the stem and root

Back 120

Vascular cambium

Front 121

Accumulated layers of secondary xylem become _____

Back 121

Wood

Front 122

Older secondary Xylem; blocked with resin, nonfunctional for transport

Back 122

Heartwood

Front 123

These divide and mature to add to either the secondary xylem or secondary phloem

Back 123

Vascular cambium

Front 124

Younger secondary xylem; conducts water and nutrients

Back 124

Sapwood

Front 125

Light wood is _____ growth, while dark wood is _____ growth

Back 125

Spring; Summer

Front 126

Secondary phloem doesn't accumulate extensively, it develops into _____

Back 126

Bark

Front 127

Produce new cells called periderm to replace epidermis

Back 127

Cork cambium

Front 128

_____ stems have NO secondary growth

Back 128

Herbaceous

Front 129

_____ stems DO have secondary growth

Back 129

Woody