Ap U.s History Ch. 7 Vocabulary

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Thomas Jefferson

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Democratic-Republican President who attempted to win the allegiance and trust of Federalist opponents by maintaining the national bank and debt-repayment plan of Hamilton. He carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams. Was a patron of the Lewis and Clark expedition.

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Louisiana Purchase

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A treaty signed with France in 1803 by which the U.S. purchased for $15,000,000 the land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.

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Toussaint l'Ouverture

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Haitian revolutionary leader. He was made governor of the island by the French Revolutionary government 1794 and expelled the Spanish and British but when Napoleon I proclaimed the re-establishment of slavery he was arrested.

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Strict Interpretation, of Constitution

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This meant that Jefferson rejected Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied. No clause in the Constitution explicitly stated that a president could purchase foreign land. So Jefferson submitted the purchase agreement for the Senate, arguing that lands could be added to the U.S.

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

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A scientific exploration led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark. Set out from 1804, crossed the Rockies, reached the Oregon coast on the Pacific Ocean, then turned back and completed the journey in 1806. It increased geographic and scientific knowledge, strengthened U.S claims to the Oregon Territory, improved relations with Native American Tribes.

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John Marshall

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United States jurist; as chief justice of the Supreme Court he established the principles of United States constitutional law. He was a Federalist judge cousin of Jefferson. He was a judge during the Marbury v. Madison case.

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Judicial Review

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The power of a court to adjudicate the constitutionality of the laws of a government or the acts of a government official.

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Marbury v. Madison

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Chief Justice Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act. But the Judiciary Act was itself unconstitutional. The law passed had given the Court greater power and jurisdiction than the Constitution allowed. So the law was unconstitutional and Marbury could not be given his commission.

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Aaron Burr

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Former vice president to Jefferson plotted against Jefferson. He embarked on a journey to break up the Union and another of which resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton.

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"Quids"

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Aaron Burr's political party or faction who accused him of abandoning Republican principles; and foreign troubles from the Napoleonic wars in Europe.

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Barbary pirates

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Practiced impressment and the ruler of one of the Barbary states demanded a higher sum in tribute when Jefferson took office. Rather than paying the tribute Jefferson sent a small fleet of U.S naval vessels to the Mediterranean.

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Neutrality

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France and Britain attempted naval blockades of enemy ports. They regularly seized the ships of neutral nations and confiscated their cargoes.

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Impressment

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The practice of forcibly inducting men into military service.

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Chesapeake-Leopard affair

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In 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on the U.S warship Chesapeake. Three Americans were killed and four other were taken captive and impressed into the British navy.

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Embargo Act (1807)

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Law passed by Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807. This law stopped all trade between America and any other country. The goal was to get Britain and France, who were fighting each other at the time, to stop restricting American trade. The Act backfired, and the American people suffered. The Act was ended in 1809.

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James Madison

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Winner of the Presidential Election of 1808. He was a brilliant thinker and statesman. Worked with Jefferson in developing the Democratic-Republican party. He attempted a combination of diplomacy and economic pressure to deal with the Napoleonic Wars.

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Nonintercourse Act (1809)

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A law passed in 1809 by the United States Congress to ban all commerce between Americans and the European nations of France and Great Britain. It was designed to replace the unpopular Embargo Act of 1807, which banned international shipping with all nations. Like the preceding acts, the Non-Intercourse Act was difficult to enforce and widely violated. It was replaced about a year after coming into law and is generally believed to have been a failure.

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Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

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Nathaniel Macon introduced a bill that restored U.S trade with Britain and France. It provided that if either Britain of France formally agreed to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, then the U.S would prohibit trade with that nation's foe.

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Tecumseh; Prophet

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A leader from the Shawnee tribe attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Mississippi River.

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William Henry Harrison

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White settler became suspicious of Tecumseh and persuaded the governor of the Indiana Territory to take aggressive action.

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Battle of Tippecanoe

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Harrison destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an Indian confederacy. The British had provided only limited aid to Tecumseh. Americans on the frontier blamed the British for instigating the rebellion.

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War Hawks

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New young Republican to Congress many of them from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. Given their name because of their eagerness for war with Great Britain. They quickly gained the influence of the House of Representatives.

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Henry Clay

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The War Hawks leader of Kentucky argued that war with Britain would be the only war to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier.

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John C. Calhoun

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The War Hawks leader of South Carolina argued that war with Britain would be the only war to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier.

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War of 1812

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Fought between the United States and Great Britain from June 1812 to the spring of 1815, although the peace treaty ending the war was signed in Europe in December 1814. The main land fighting of the war occurred along the Canadian border, in the Chesapeake Bay region, and along the Gulf of Mexico; extensive action also took place at sea.

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"Old Ironsides"

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U.S warship Constitution raised American morale by defeating and sinking a Britain ship off the coast of Nova Scotia.

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Battle of Lake Erie

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Fought on September 10,1813, in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of Great Britain's Royal Navy. This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812.

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Oliver Hazard Perry

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United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

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Battle of the Thames River

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A battle in the of War of 1812, fought on October 5, 1813 along the Thames River in Ontario, Canada. Outnumbering American forces led by Gen. William Henry Harrison attacked a combined force of British and Native American forces and defeated them decisively. It was the last battle of the war in the Northwest, and the Native American chief Tecumseh was killed.

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Thomas Macdonough

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In 1814 naval captain defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain.

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Battle of Lake Champlain

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Fought on September 11, 1814, ended the final British invasion of the northern states during the War of 1812. Fought just prior to the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, the American victory denied the British any leverage to demand exclusive control over the Great Lakes or territorial gains against the New England states.

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Francis Scott Key, "The Star-Spangled Banner"

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The national flag of the United States. Its fifty stars represent the fifty states; its thirteen stripes represent the thirteen colonies that became the original states. Written by Francis Scott Key during the British attempt to take over Baltimore.

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Andrew Jackson

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Commander of the U.S troops during the Battle of Horseshoe Bend and Battle of New Orleans.

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Battle of Horseshoe Bend

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Fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War.

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Creek Nation

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Began as a civil war within the Creek nation. European-American historians sometimes associate it as part of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain, as tribal tensions were during this war.

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Battle of New Orleans

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Took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812.[8][9] American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase.

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Treaty of Ghent (1814)

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The Treaty of Ghent was negotiated by Britain and the United States and brought an end to the War of 1812.

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Hartford Convention (1814)

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An event spanning from December 15, 1814–January 4, 1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed.