Ap Us History

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Mound Builders

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the various American Indian tribes who, in prehistoric and early historic times, erected the burial mounds and other earthworks of the Mississippi drainage basin and southeastern U.S.

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Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

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Signed at Tordesillas on June 7, 1494 divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands.This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands and Cipangu and Antilia.

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Hernan Cortes

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a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

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Columbian Exchange

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The widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology, diseases and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade (including African/American slave trade) after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage.

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Francisco Coronado

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Credited with discovery of the Grand Canyon and several other famous landmarks in the American Southwest while searching for the legendary Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola—which they never found.

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Francisco Pizarro

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Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire. Helped Vasco Núñez de Balboa discover the Pacific Ocean, and after conquering Peru, founded its capital city, Lima.

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Encomienda

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a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

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Indigenous

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originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.

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Queen Elizabeth I

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She inherited a bankrupt nation, torn by religious discord, a weakened pawn between the great powers of France and Spain. She was committed above all else to preserving English peace and stability; her genuine love for her subjects was legendary.

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Spanish Armada

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A Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. The strategic aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and the Tudor establishment of Protestantism in England, with the expectation that this would put a stop to English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to the harm caused to Spanish interests by English and Dutch privateering.

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Puritanism

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A religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the Church of England of remnants of the Roman Catholic “popery” that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

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Laws of Primogeniture

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Laws of primogeniture decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates

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Joint-stock companies

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Companies made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king

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Charter of the Virginia Company

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The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies

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Chesapeake Bay

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The arrival of English colonists under Sir Walter Raleigh and Humphrey Gilbert in the late 16th Century to found a colony, later settled at Roanoke Island for the Virginia Company,

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Captain John Smith

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Played an important part in the establishment of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America. Led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. He was the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area and New England.

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John Rolfe

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credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas,

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Lord Baltimore

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Founded Maryland in 1634. On a venture to create a refuge for his fellows Catholics, who were harshly persecuted in Protestant England.

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Restoration Period

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In 1660 the monarchy was restored the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland in the person of Charles II.

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Iroquois Confederacy

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Powerful Native American group able to maintain their autonomy by avoiding a close relationship with the English or the French. They traded successfully with both groups and played them against each other, as a direct result of this they maintained power in the Great Lakes region.

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James Oglethorpe

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Founder of the colony of Georgia. He hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony.

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Plantation Economy

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An economy based on agricultural mass production grown on large plantations.

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Mayflower Compact

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The first governing document of Plymouth Colony. Recognized James I as sovereign leader and all settlers as governing body; Agreed to majority rule

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John Winthrop

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Governor of Massachusetts Bay colony. Wished to create "city upon a hill" in which morals were strictly enforced

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Anne Hutchinson

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Puritan spiritual adviser whose strong religious convictions had her banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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Roger Williams

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Protestant who believed in religious freedom and separation of church and state. Advocate for Native Americans. Started the first Baptist church in America.

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King Phillip's War

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1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanoags, led by Metacom, a chief also known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

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Dominion of New England

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Combined Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey and Edmund Andros was appointed to govern it by King James II. Was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James had left the throne in England. One notable success was the introduction of the Church of England into Massachusetts

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Glorious Revolution

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James II was dethroned and replaced by William and Mary; Andros was subsequently arrested and shipped to England; Dominion and Navigation Laws no longer enforced

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Dutch East India Company

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a chartered company established Netherlands granted a 21-year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia. It is often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stock. ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies.

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Despot

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- a ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way.

- a country or political system where the ruler holds absolute power.

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Quakers

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a member of the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian movement founded by George Fox circa 1650 and devoted to peaceful principles. Central to the Quakers' belief is the doctrine of the “Inner Light,” or sense of Christ's direct working in the soul. This has led them to reject both formal ministry and all set forms of worship.

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Monopoly

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A situation in which a single company or group owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. No competition

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William Penn

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received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony allowed religious freedom and encouraged anyone to emigrate to Pennsylvania, in order to provide a haven for persecuted religions.

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Lord De La Warr

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English-American politician, for whom the bay, the river, and, consequently, a Native American people and U.S. state, all later called " Delaware", were named

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Bacon's Rebellion

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an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The immediate cause of the rebellion was Governor William Berkeley's recent refusal to retaliate for a series of Native American attacks on frontier settlements.massacred Indians and set fire to Jamestown causing Berkeley to flee; after Bacon died of disease, Berkeley crushed the rebellion; SIGNIFICANCE: colonists began to realize how dangerous indentured servants were becoming and upped slave imports

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Indentured Servent

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a labor system whereby young people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years.

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Salem Witch Trials

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a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts

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Deutsch

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The Pennsylvania Deutsch were the German settlers that came to America (primarily Pennsylvania) that were Lutherans that furthered the religious diversity of the region.

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Triangular Trade

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The Triangular Trade was a system in which slaves, crops, and manufactured goods were traded between Africa, the Caribbean, and the American colonies.

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Molasses Act

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An Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which imposed a tax on imports of molasses from non-British colonies. Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies.

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House of Burgesses

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the first legislative body in colonial America. established by the Virginia Company, who created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants.

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The Great Awakening

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Sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

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Jonathan Edwards

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Protestant theologian who delivered the sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”. A part of the First Great Awakening.

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George Whitefield

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An English Anglican cleric who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the American colonies.

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French-Indian War

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Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquins, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceeded Florida to Britain, but received Louisana in return.

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King William's War

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War between England (+ Iroquois) and France. First war of French and Indian War. Treaty of Ryswick (1697) ended war temporarily.

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Queen Anne's War

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Followed King William's War. AKA War of the Spanish Succession. Britain, allied with the Netherlands, defeated France and Spain to gain territory in Canada, even though the British had suffered defeats in most of their military operations in North America. Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ended the war. It resulted in the French giving Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland to Britain, but keeping Cape Breton and other islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

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Proclamation of 1763

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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Mercantilism

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the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

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Navigation Laws

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Passed under the mercantilist system, they regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.

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Sugar Act of 1764

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actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses, but for the first time adopted provisions that would insure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts; and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies.

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Stamp Act

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required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies had to be written on special, stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to the colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.

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George Grenville

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Prime minishter who, in 1763, ordered the British navy to begin stricly enforcing the Navigation laws. He also secured from parliament the Sugar Act of 1764, The Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act. His government tried to bring public spending under control and pursued an assertive foreign policy.