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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Experiment |
Researcher determines who or what receives what treatment |
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Survey |
Method for collecting data |
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Bias |
Systematic favoring of a particular outcome. Bad and hard to fix, don't confuse with "skew" |
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Voluntary response sample |
Consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal. Shows bias because people with strong opinions are more likely to respond |
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Non-reponse sample |
When you ask specific individuals |
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Simple random sample (SRS) |
Consist of n individuals from the population chosen so that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected |
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Methods for SRS |
Hat method, random number generator, random number table |
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Homogeneity |
All the same (mixed up) |
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Heterogeneity |
Different characteristics (*of interest*) |
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Stratified random sample |
Subgroups are homogeneous within themselves, heterogeneous among the others |
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Cluster sample |
Subgroups are heterogeneous within themselves, but homogenous among the others |
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Undercoverage |
Some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample |
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Non-response bias |
When an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate. Individually contacted. |
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Observational study |
Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence responses. Treatment will happen regardless of the researcher's intervention |
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Explanatory |
What's manipulated (experiment) or considered (observational study) to see its effects or outcome. Independent variable. |
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Response variable |
Outcome or effects of the explanatory. Dependent variable. |
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Lurking variable |
A variable that has the potential to affect the response variable. Do not use on exam |
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Confounding |
Two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other. Create extra variability |
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Treatment |
Specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment |
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Experimental units |
Smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied |
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Subjects |
When units are human beings |
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Random assignment |
Experimental units are assigned to treatments at random, using some sort of chance process. Random process to assign treatment to sample, AFTER the subjects are selected. |
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Completely randomized design |
Treatments are assigned to all the experimental units completely by chance |
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Principles of experimental design |
Control for lurking variables, random assignment, replication |
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Placebo effect |
Potential change in behavior because the person knows they're in a study |
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Single-blind |
Subjects don't know which treatment they're receiving |
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Double-blind |
Neither the subjects nor people administering know which treatment a subject received |
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Statistically significant |
Observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by choice |
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Purpose of block design |
Eliminate the effect of another a factor that could affect the response variable |
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Matched pairs design |
Similar subject / test units are paired |
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Scope of inference |
Assure low or no bias and well controlled for lurking |
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Random selection |
Random process to choose sample |
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Random sampling |
Randomly choose from the population (SRS), or from subgroups (stratified RS), or clusters, your subjects/test units |
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Convenience sample |
Sample made up of subjects who are easy to reach |
