Ap Psychology Unit 3: Biological Bases Of Behavior A

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Neurons

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Our body's neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or

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Sensory neurons

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Information arriving in the brain and spinal cord from the body travels in

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Motor neurons

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Instructions from the brain and spinal cord are sent to the body's tissues via

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Interneurons

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The neurons that enable internal communication within the brain and spinal cord are called

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Dendrites

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The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the

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Axon

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The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the

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Myelin sheath

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Insulates the axon and helps speed the neurons impulses

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Action potential

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Neural impulse, or ☆ is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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Negatively

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The fluid interior of a resting axon carries and mostly ☆ charged ions

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Positively

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The fluid outside of a resting axon contains ☆ charged ions

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Threshold

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To trigger a neural impulse, excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals must exceed a certain intensity called the

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All or nothing response

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Increasing a stimulus above the threshold will not increase the neural impulse intensity. This phenomenon is called an

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Can

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A strong stimulus ☆ cause more neurons to fire

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Synapse

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The junction between two neurons is called a

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Neurotransmitters

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The chemical messengers that convey information across the gaps between neurons are called

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Atoms

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Neutrotransmitters bind to receptor sites and unlock tiny channels allowing electrically charged ☆ to enter the neuron

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Exciting or inhibiting

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Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by - or - their readiness to fire

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Reuptake

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Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron in a process called

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Acetylcholine

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A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is ☆. It is also important in learning and memory.

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Endorphins

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Naturally occurring opiate like neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called

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Agonists

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Drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called

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Antagonists

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Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying the receptor sites are called

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Nervous system

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Taken all together, the neurons of the body form the

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Central nervous system

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The brain and spinal cord form the ☆ nervous system

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Peripheral

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The neurons that link the brain and spinal cord to the body's sense receptors muscles and glands form the ☆ nervous system

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Nerves

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Sensory and motor axons are bundled into electrical cables called

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Somatic

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The division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles is the ☆ nervous system

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Autonomic

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Involuntary self-regulating responses those of the glands and muscles of internal organs are controlled by the ☆ nervous system

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Sympathetic

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The body is made ready for action by the ☆ division of the autonomic nervous system

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Parasympathetic

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Division of the autonomic nervous system that produces relaxation

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Neural networks

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Neurons cluster into work groups called

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Reflexes

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Automatic responses to stimuli are called

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Endocrine system

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The body's chemical communication network is called the

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Hormones

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Chemical messengers of the endocrine system

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Adrenal

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In a moment of danger the autonomic nervous system orders the ☆ glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Pituitary

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The most influential gland is the ☆ which under the control of an adjacent brain area called the hypothalamus, helps regulate growth and the release of hormones by other endocrine glands