Ap Psychology Motivation And Emotion Vocabulary

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Motivation

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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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Instinct

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a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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Drive-reduction theory

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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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Homeostasis

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a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level.

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Incentive

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a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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Hierarchy of needs

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Maslow’s pyramid of human needs. (Physiological Needs > Safety Needs > Belongingness and Love Needs > Esteem Needs > Self-Actualization Needs.

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Glucose

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the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. (When low, we feel hungry)

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Set point

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the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

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Basal metabolic rate

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the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

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Anorexia nervosa

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an eating disorder, in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve.

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Bulimia nervosa

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an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

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Sexual response cycle

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the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

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Refractory period

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a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

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Sexual disorder

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a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

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Estrogen

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a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.

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Sexual orientation

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an enduring sexual attraction towards members of either one’s own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual).

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Flow

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a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills.

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Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

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the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

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Personnel psychology

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a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

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Organizational psychology –

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a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.

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Structured interviews

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interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales

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Achievement motivation

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a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard.

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Task leadership

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goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.

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Social leadership

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group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.

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Theory X

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assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from above.

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Theory Y

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– assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

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Emotion

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a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

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James-Lange theory

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the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

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Cannon-bard theory

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the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

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Two-factor theory

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Schachter’s theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label arousal

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Polygraph

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a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion. (i.e. perspiration, cardiovascular and breathing changes)

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Catharsis

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emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

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Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

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people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

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Subjective well-being

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self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

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Adaptation-level phenomenon

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our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a “neutral” level defined by our prior experience

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Relative deprivation

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the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.