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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structuralism v. Functionalism |
structuralism - conscious experience broken down to its most basic elements and investigating how they are related functionalism - adaptive value/purpose of behavior |
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Collectivist v. Individualist Culture |
collectivist - focus on the needs of the group Individualist - focus on the needs of the individual |
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Independent v. Dependent Variable |
independent - what is tested dependent - what is measured |
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Experimental v. Descriptive Research |
experimental - manipulates situation dependent - no manipulation |
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Experimental v. Control Group |
experimental - group that is tested, receives the independent variable control - compared to the experimental group, receives a placebo |
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Experiment v. Quasi-Experiment |
experiment - random assignment, manipulate independent variable and observe the dependent variable quasi-experiment - cannot use random assignment due to ethical reasons |
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Random Assignment v. Random Sample |
assignment - each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group sample - the process of choosing participants from the population |
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Positive v. Negative Correlation |
positive - variables increase/decrease together negative - variables go in opposite directions |
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Descriptive v. Inferential Statistics |
descriptive - describes a set of data, central tendency-mean, median, mode inferential - used to determine if the findings apply to the larger population, can you determine a cause and effect relationship |
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Left v. Right Brain |
left - language and logic right - creative and spatial |
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Corpus Callosum v. Cerebral Cortex |
corpus callosum - divides the brain cerebral cortex - covers the brain |
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Central v. Peripheral Nervous System |
central - brain and spinal chord peripheral - sensory and motor neurons |
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Sympathetic v. Parasympathetic Nervous System |
sympathetic - fight or flight parasympathetic - calming |
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Somatic v. Autonomic Nervous System |
somatic - carries sensory and motor neurons autonomic - messages sent to organs, automatic processes such as breathing and heart rate |
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Afferent v. Efferent Neurons |
afferent - sensory, body to brain efferent - motor, brain to body |
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Neurotransmitters v. Hormones |
neurotransmitters - the nervous system hormones - the endocrine system |
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Broca's Area v. Wernicke's Area |
Broca - makes words Wernicke - comprehends words |
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Sensation v. Perception |
sensation - bottom up processing perception - top down processing |
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Bottom-Up v. Top-Down Processing |
bottom - data driven, take in all information top - expectations, take in little information and fill in the blanks |
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Rods v. Cones |
rods - night vision, peripheral cones - color vision, center of eye (fovea) |
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Classical v. Operant Conditioning |
classical - involuntary operant - voluntary |
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Reinforcement v. Punishment |
reinforcement - increasing behavior punishment - decreasing behavior |
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Primacy v. Recency Effect |
primacy - first items on a list areremembered recency - last items on a list are remembered |
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Positive v. Negative Reinforcement/Punishment |
positive - adding something negative - taking something away |
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Avoidance v. Escape Conditioning |
avoidance - dont ever want to experience something escape - already exposed to something bad and want to stop it |
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Fixed v. Variable Ratio/Interval |
fixed - set time/number if reinforcements interval - unknown time/number of reinforements |
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Fixed/Variable Ratio v. Fixed/Variable Interval |
ratio - based on doing a behavior interval - based on time |
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Proactive v. Retroactive Interference |
proactive - loss of new info retroactive - loss of old info |
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Algorithm v. Heuristic |
algorithm - step by step, every possibility heuristic - mental shortcut, rule of thumb |
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Implicit v. Explicit Memory |
implicit - non-declarative, skills explicit - declarative, facts, memory |
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Recall v. Recognition Memory |
recall - no cues recognition - some hints |
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Representative v. Availability Heuristic |
representative - stereotypes availability - based on available information |
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Semantics v. Syntax |
semantics - meaning syntax - rules of sentences, grammatically correct |
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Surface v. Deep Structure |
surface - what is written, order of words deep - underlying meaning |
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Phonemes v. Morphemes |
phonemes - basic sound units morphemes - basic units of meaning |
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Fluid v. Crystallized Intelligence |
fluid - reasoning and problem solving crystallized - acquired knowledge |
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Validity v. Reliability |
validity - test measures what it should reliability - consistency and stability, repeatable |
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Construct v. Content Validity |
construct - test measures a hypothetical concept; creativity, IQ, etc content - content of the test is representative of the domain it is supposed to cover |
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Achievement v. Aptitude Test |
achievement - what you've learned aptitude - potential |
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Anterograde v. Retrograde Amnesia |
anterograde - cannot remember the events after the accident retrograde - cannot remember the events before the accident |
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A-Delta v. C-Delta Fibers |
a-delta - sharp pain c-delta - dull pain |
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Convergent v. Divergent Thinking |
convergent - narrowing down solutions divergent - as many solutions as possible, outside the box |
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Antagonist v. Agonist |
antagonist - block the neurotransmitter from binding agonist - mimics the neurotransmitter |
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JND v. Absolute Threshold |
JND - when a stimulus changes absolute threshold - when a stimulus first appears |
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Reconditioning v. Spontaneous Recovery |
reconditioning - pairing the CS and UCS again spontaneous recovery - no pairing but UCR happens again |
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Decay v. Interference |
decay - natural, happens without rehearsal and practice interference - something is getting in the way |
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Genotype v. Phenotype |
genotype - genetic makeup phenotype - observable characteristics |
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Nearsightedness v. Farsightedness |
nearsightedness - lens bends too much, image is focused in front of the retina farsightedness - lens does not bend enough, image focused behind the retina |
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Declarative v. Nondeclarative Memory |
declarative - conscious recall, factual knowledge, episodic and semantic memories nondeclarative - nonconscious recall, skills |
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Retrospective v. Prospective Memory |
retrospective - content to be remembered is in the past prospective - remember to do things in the future |
