A&p Midterm Review

Front 1

Alveoli

Back 1

Responsible for the exchange of gases.

Front 2

Frontal Lobe

Back 2

Responsible for thinking and problem solving.

Front 3

White Pulp

Back 3

- A histological region of the spleen.
- Located throughout (leukocytes)

Front 4

Optic Chiasm

Back 4

Area where optic nerve of each eye crosses @ the base of brain anterior to pituitary gland.

Front 5

Interferons

Back 5

A natural cellular protein formed when cells are exposed to a virus or other foreign particle of nucleic acid.

Front 6

Optic Nerves

Back 6

Either of a pair of cranial nerves that transverse the thalmus , and connect with visual cortex.

Front 7

Central Fovea

Back 7

Area @ the center or the retina where cone cells are concentrated, and there are no rod cells.

Front 8

Rods

Back 8

Long, thin projections @ the end of a low light photoreceptor.

Front 9

Cones

Back 9

Short, blunt projections @ the end of a photoreceptor that is responsible for color vision.

Front 10

Lens

Back 10

Round, elastic, transparent structure composed of intercellular material & proteins called crystallines located behind the iris.

Front 11

Somatic Senses

Back 11

Involves receptors associated with the skin, muscles, joints, & visceral organs.

Front 12

Basal Ganglia

Back 12

The islands of grey matter within each cerebral hemisphere. They are surrounded by the rings of the lymbic system, located between the Thalmus of the diencephalon & white matter.

Front 13

Toxoid Vaccine

Back 13

Prepared from exotoxins that are inactivated by chemicals of heat.

Front 14

Static Equalibrium

Back 14

The ability to adjust movements away/toward body's center of gravity while maintaining a base support.

Front 15

Dynamic Equalibrium

Back 15

The ability to adjust movements away/toward body's center of gravity by changing the base of support.

Front 16

Major Openings of the Diaphragm

Back 16

- Aortic: lowest and most posterior; situated in the midline of diaphragm, directly anterior to 12th vertibre.
- Esophageal: elliptical, located in the muscular portion of the diaphragm, formed by the lft/rt crura.
- Inferior Vena Cava; (IVC) superior to the esophageal opening situated to the rt. of the midline@the level of the 8th thoracic vertibre

Front 17

Hering's Brever Reflex

Back 17

Prevents the over-distention of the alveoli and lungs.

Front 18

Emphysema

Back 18

Abnormal, irreversable enlargement of the alveoli due to the destruction of the alveolar walls resulting in the decreased elastic recoil of the alveoli, often occurs in conjunction with COPD.

Front 19

COPD

Back 19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; airway obstruction that is secondary to emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis.

Front 20

Tidal Volume

Back 20

- Amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal respiration.
- Average is 500ml

Front 21

Total Lung Capacity

Back 21

Measurement of lung capacity @ the end of maximum inhalation. It is obtained by adding functional residual capacity & inspiratory capacity.

Front 22

Acute

Back 22

Beginning abruptly with marked intensity or sharpness.

Front 23

Chronic

Back 23

Developing slowly and persisting a long period of time.

Front 24

Referred

Back 24

Occurs other than its origin.

Front 25

Vitreous Humor

Back 25

Jelly-like substance contained in the posterior cavity that contributes to maintaining normal intraocular pressure.

Front 26

Aqueous Humor

Back 26

Watery fluid contained in the anterior chamber that aids in maintaining the shape of the anterior portion of the eye.

Front 27

Auditory Ossicles

Back 27

3 sm. bones housed in the middle ear designed to transmit/amplify sound waves:
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)

Front 28

Semicircular Canal

Back 28

Functions in our equalibrium, and is housed in the cochlea, and is divided into upper/lower compartments.

Front 29

Eustachian Tube

Back 29

Tubular structure that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx serving to equalize air pressure within the middle ear with that of the external atmosphere.

Front 30

Edema

Back 30

Lyphedema; abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid, particularly in the extremities.

Front 31

Dendrites

Back 31

An extension of neuron that receives information; neurons may have one or more dendrites.

Front 32

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 32

One of the subdivisions of the ANS. The response initiates the "Fight/Flight" response.

Front 33

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 33

One of the subdivisions of the ANS. acts to calm the body, conserve energy, and restore homeostatic balance.

Front 34

Pia Mater

Back 34

The delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Front 35

Arachnoid Mater

Back 35

The middle layer of meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.

Front 36

Dura Mater

Back 36

The outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Front 37

Ventricles

Back 37

The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma.

Front 38

Messner's Corpuscles

Back 38

Receptors of light touch and texture.

Front 39

Photoreceptors

Back 39

A nerve cell receptive to light stimuli.

Front 40

Taste Buds

Back 40

Organs of taste located primarily on the surface of the tongue, located within the papillae

Front 41

4 Types of Immunity

Back 41

Natural = normal environmental exposure or delivery.

Artificial = medical intervention

Active = immune response: antibody production and T cell activation.

Passive = delivery of preformed antibodies, limited, not long term immunity, no development of an immune response.

Front 42

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Back 42

a branch of the vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve) that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx.

Front 43

Efferent Vessel

Back 43

Directed away from center.

Front 44

Afferent Vessel

Back 44

Directed toward a center.

Front 45

Compliment Cascade

Back 45

The functions essential to the immune system:
- Lysis of Cells
- Opsonization
- Inflammation
- Immune Clearance
- Enhanced Immunity
- Virus Neutralization

Front 46

Bronchi

Back 46

a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.

Front 47

Larynx

Back 47

- Voicebox.
- 3 single cartilages: Thyroid, Criciod, & Epiglottic
- 3 paired cartilages: Arytenoids, Corniculate, & Cuneiform.

Front 48

Pharynx

Back 48

- Throat
- part of the digestive tube which is placed behind the nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx.
- 3 Parts: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, & Laryngopharynx

Front 49

Pulmonary Surfacant

Back 49

Reduces the surface tension of the alveolar air-liquid interface, thereby providing mechanical stability and preventing alveolar atelectasis.

Front 50

Atmospheric Pressure

Back 50

The concentration of gas on the outside of the body.

Front 51

Intrapleural Pressure

Back 51

The concentration of gas within the area of the body.

Front 52

Parasinuses

Back 52

- 4 sinuses: Maxillae, Frontal, Sphenoid, & Ethmoid

Front 53

External Intercostals

Back 53

- Aid in quiet and forced inhalation.
- They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12.
- Responsible for the elevation of the ribs

Front 54

Internal Intercostals

Back 54

- Aid in forced expiration.
- They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11.
- Responsible for the depression of the ribs

Front 55

Inflammatory Process

Back 55

- Acute -swelling stage

- Subacute - regenerative stage

- Chronic - scar tissue maturation and remodeling stage.

Front 56

Isograft

Back 56

Transplant from genetically identical individual.

Front 57

Xenograft

Back 57

Transplant from another species.

Front 58

Allograft

Back 58

Transplant from same person

Front 59

Thorasic Duct

Back 59

- The largest lymphatic vessel in the body.
- Also known as the left lymphatic duct.
- conveys the greater part of the lymph and chyle into the blood.