A&p Lecture Section 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the structure of the body. ( what it's made of)

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of the function of the body( how it works)

Front 3

Relationship of structure and function

Back 3

The structure determines the function a change in structure means a change in function

Front 4

The 10 characteristics of life

Back 4

Responsiveness and adaptability(irritability), movement, growth, respiration respiration, digestion, absorption, assimilation, excretion excretion, circulation, and reproduction.

Front 5

Responsiveness and adaptability

Back 5

Responsiveness indicates that the organism recognizes changes in its internal or external environment.

Adaptability changes the organism's Behavior capabilities or structure

Front 6

Movement

Back 6

Distributes materials throughout large organisms; changes orientation or position of a plant or immobile animal. Movies mobile animals around the environment. Locomotion getting from point A to point B or a change in position

Front 7

Growth

Back 7

Indicates that the organism is successful it's a sign of adapting, increasing in size while maintaining shape.

Front 8

Respiration

Back 8

The exchange of gases between the body and outside the absorption and utilization of oxygen and CO2

Front 9

Digestion

Back 9

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food( energy,parts and nourishment)- make it small

Front 10

Absorption

Back 10

An organism's ability to selectively take in matter from the outside in. - take it in

Front 11

Assimilation

Back 11

The ability of an organism to selectively take something it's absorbed and make it a part of it.

Front 12

Excretion

Back 12

The elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism.

The ability to selectively eject matter the organism doesn't need.

Front 13

Circulation

Back 13

Movement of fluid within the organism may involve a pump and a network of special vessels also called the transport system.

Front 14

Reproduction

Back 14

1. Perpetuating a species , continuing life by continuing you

2. Cellular reproduction making more of you by making cells to maintain and repair the body.

Front 15

Needs of an organism

Back 15

Maintaining boundaries, water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

Front 16

maintaining boundaries

Back 16

The need of an organism for a contained environment separating what you need to stay alive from the outside examples being skin and membrane

Front 17

Homeostasis

Back 17

The ability of an organism to maintain stable and optimal internal conditions in response to changing external or internal conditions

Front 18

Negative feedback mechanism

Back 18

A change of One Direction will bring about a change in the opposite direction

Front 19

Positive feedback mechanism

Back 19

A change in One Direction brings about a change in the same direction or Perpetual change

Front 20

Levels of organization from least complex to most complex

Back 20

Chemical( atoms, molecules, macromolecules)

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ systems

Organism

Front 21

Organelles

Back 21

Working parts found in cells larger combinations of macromolecules

Front 22

Cells

Back 22

A group of organelles working together for a common function also the smallest unit of life

Front 23

Tissues

Back 23

A group of cells working together for a common function

- epithelial , Connective, muscle, and nervous

Front 24

Organs

Back 24

A group of tissues working together for a common function any group of tissues is an organ

Front 25

Organ systems

Back 25

A group of organs working together for a common function

Front 26

Organism

Back 26

A group of systems working together for a common function

Front 27

Name the major organ systems

Back 27

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine , digestive, respiratory, circulatory , lymphatic, urinary, and reproductive. Keep in mind that the interdependence of all the systems

Front 28

The integumentary system

Back 28

Protection from environmental hazards and Temperature Control contains skin, hair, and nails

Front 29

The skeletal system

Back 29

Support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation contains bones and cartilage

Front 30

The muscular system

Back 30

Locomotion, support, and heat production contains muscles and tendons

Front 31

The nervous system

Back 31

Control, communication, and coordination contains the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Front 32

Endocrine system

Back 32

Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems communicates with hormones through the blood. Contains pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands also pancreas and gonads.

Front 33

Digestive system

Back 33

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste. Contains mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas

Front 34

respiratory system

Back 34

Gas exchange and acid-base balance. Contains lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, and nose.

Front 35

Circulatory or cardiovascular system

Back 35

Works with respiratory system to transport nutrients oxygen, hormones and waste

Front 36

Lymphatic system

Back 36

Defense against infection and disease aids circulatory brings excess fluid back. Contain lymph nodes , lymph, thymus , and spleen

Front 37

Urinary system

Back 37

Removal of metabolic waste and water salt and pH control.

Contains kidneys, urethra, ureters, and urinary bladder

Front 38

Reproductive system

Back 38

Production of sex cells and hormones which help with bone strength. Female contains- ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and vagina.

Meal contains - testes, prostate, vas deferens , and penis.

Front 39

energy

Back 39

The capacity to do work or to put matter into motion

Front 40

Kinetic energy

Back 40

Energy in motion capable of doing work

Front 41

potential energy

Back 41

Stored energy capable of doing work but not currently doing it

Front 42

chemical energy

Back 42

Energy that is stored in the bonds of chemical substances example ATP adenosine triphosphate

Front 43

Electrical energy

Back 43

The movement of charged particles

Front 44

mechanical energy

Back 44

Energy that is directly involved in moving matter

Front 45

Radiant or electromagnetic energy

Back 45

Energy that travels in waves

Front 46

Matter

Back 46

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Front 47

Mass

Back 47

The amount of material in matter

Front 48

Atom

Back 48

Smallest stable units of matter,

The smallest particles of an element that still displays the chemical properties of that element

Front 49

Element

Back 49

Pure substances consisting of only the same atoms with the same atomic number

Front 50

Elements most abundant in living matter

Back 50

Ponch

Phosphorus

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Carbon

Hydrogen

These elements make up 97% of the human body

Front 51

Protons

Back 51

Positively charged particles found in the center or nucleus of an atom

Front 52

Neutrons

Back 52

No charge or neutral found in the nucleus

Front 53

Electrons

Back 53

Negative charge, swirling about the nucleus

Front 54

Atomic number

Back 54

The number of protons, the number of protons determines the element

Front 55

Atomic mass

Back 55

Number of protons plus the number of neutrons equals atomic mass

Front 56

Atomic weight

Back 56

The average of atomic masses of all isotopes of an element

Front 57

Isotopes

Back 57

Atoms with the same atomic number but a different atomic weight meaning a different number of neutrons. Please behave the same as any other atom of that element

Front 58

Ions

Back 58

A positively or negatively charged particle

Front 59

Cation

Back 59

A positively charged particle meaning it lost an electron

Front 60

Anion

Back 60

A negatively charged particle meaning it gains an electron

Front 61

Rules of chemical bonding

Back 61

1. Bonding occurs because Matter wants to be in its most stable state

2. Only electrons in the outermost shell are involved in bonding

3. Atomic stability equals eight electrons in the outermost shell or a full Shell

Front 62

Ionic bond

Back 62

Two atoms are bonded together because of charge attraction from Gaining or losing an electron

Front 63

covalent bond

Back 63

Atoms share electrons and are bonded to achieve stability. Double and triple bonds are possible

Front 64

Hydrogen bonds

Back 64

Due to the existence of polarity for polar covalent bonds the positive end of one molecule attracts to the negative end of another

Front 65

Solid

Back 65

Maintains volume and shape

Front 66

Liquid

Back 66

Constant volume but no fixed shape

Front 67

Gas

Back 67

Neither a constant volume nor a fixed shape

Front 68

Properties of water

Back 68

No other chemical exists as a solid, liquid, and gas in nature water makes up 60 to 70% of the volume of most living cells.

Water is a polar molecule meaning it is very soluble. It is the universal solvent.

Water has a high heat capacity

Water has a high heat of vaporization

Water is an important reactant in many chemical reactions

Water forms a protective barrier around organs

Water is a good lubricant

Front 69

Acid

Back 69

Anything that releases hydrogen ions(H+) in a solution. Often called proton donors

Front 70

Base or alkaline

Back 70

Anything that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) in a solution. Called proton acceptors

Front 71

Salt

Back 71

Any cation other than H+ that gets released and any anti on other than OH-

Front 72

PH scale

Back 72

What is neutral at 7-

Anything below is acid with a low ph

And anything above 7 is a base with a high ph.

Front 73

Buffers

Back 73

Chemicals that health reasons for large changes in PH

Front 74

The effects of alkalinity and acidity on the nervous system of the body

Back 74

Acidity depresses the nervous system causing it to be harder to excite the nerves

Alkalinity makes a nurse easily excitable having seizures Etc

Front 75

Synthesis

Back 75

Anabolic Bond forming reaction

Front 76

Decomposition

Back 76

Catabolic a bond breaking reaction breaking a molecule into smaller ones

Front 77

Exchange

Back 77

Both synthesis and decomposition happening at the same time

Front 78

Endergonic reactions

Back 78

Most anabolic reactions are energy absorbing

Front 79

Exergonic reaction

Back 79

Are releasing energy most catabolic reactions release energy

Front 80

Activation energy

Back 80

The amount of energy that must be invested into a reaction before it will happen

Front 81

Enzymes

Back 81

Are chemicals that lower the activation energy of a reaction be speeded up but are not used up

Front 82

Organic molecules

Back 82

Any molecule that contain carbon and hydrogen together

4 types are carboxylic acid comma Amino, hydroxyl, and phosphate

Front 83

Carbohydrates

Back 83

Are made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen

Are relatively sellable in water can change shape and are 1 - 2% of cell Mass

Major functions: a major source of cellular fuel, help guide cell interaction or communication Karma the liver can take them and make amino acids for protein.

Front 84

Monosaccharides

Back 84

One simple sugar, the building blocks of a larger carbohydrates examples are glucose galactose and fructose

Front 85

Isomers

Back 85

I need chemicals with the same chemical formula but a different chemical structure example glucose and fructose both have C6H12O6 formula but different shape

Front 86

Disaccharides

Back 86

Two simple sugars together their primary function is energy to use them we need to break it down to be able to absorb for example breaking down sucrose results in glucose and fructose comma breaking down lactose results in glucose and galactose comma breaking down maltose results in glucose and glucose

Front 87

Polysaccharides

Back 87

Many stacked sugars

Front 88

Glycogen

Back 88

A polysaccharide animals store excess carbohydrates very branched just glucose

Front 89

Starch

Back 89

a polysaccharide plants store excess sugar coil more less branched just glucose

Front 90

Cellulose

Back 90

A polysaccharide used in plant cell walls it's a long straight chain of glucose enzymes cannot digest it requires teeth to break it in order to get inside

Front 91

Glucose

Back 91

C6H12O6

Front 92

Lipids

Back 92

AKA fat made of CHO (P)carbon hydrogen oxygen and sometimes phosphorus there is very few oxygen are there insoluble in water and soluble in organic substances

Front 93

Glycerides

Back 93

neutral fats are composed of a glycerol molecule attached to one two or three fatty acid chains

Front 94

Glycerol

Back 94

C3h8o3

Front 95

Fatty acid chain

Back 95

Acid bound to a chain of carbon and hydrogen could be saturated which would be no double bonds or unsaturated which would have a double or triple bond

Front 96

Phospholipids and glycolipids

Back 96

Glycerol + 2 fA chains+ phosphate group

Front 97

Eicosanoids

Back 97

Lipids that came from arachadonic acid

Front 98

Prostaglandins

Back 98

Local Mini hormones made locally by cells to affect things locally

Front 99

Steroids

Back 99

Four rings of carbon made from cholesterol

Front 100

steroid hormones

Back 100

Cortisol and aldosterone

Front 101

Anabolic steroids

Back 101

building steroids most are based on testosterone can cause health problems such as sterility psychosis behavioral issues and glowing inside the body

Front 102

Proteins

Back 102

are made of amino acids CHON (SP) carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and sometimes phosphorus and sulfate. They are water-soluble the most fundamental part of you

Front 103

structural proteins

Back 103

Help maintain a shape or form such as hair tendons ligaments and spider silk

Front 104

Contractile proteins

Back 104

Produce movement such as muscles or cilia

Front 105

Storage proteins

Back 105

Store things such as albumin in egg white

Front 106

Defensive proteins

Back 106

fight and kill pathogens such as antibodies

Front 107

transport proteins

Back 107

carry things throughout the body example hemoglobin

Front 108

Messenger protein

Back 108

chemical Messengers such as hormones from the thyroid

Front 109

Enzyme protein

Back 109

speed up reactions but are not used up they lower the activation energy

Front 110

Amino acids

Back 110

are the building blocks of proteins there are 20 amino acids that constitute life 10 are made in our body can we find from our diet

Front 111

Peptide bonds

Back 111

Bond between carboxylic and nitrogen end

Front 112

Polypeptides

Back 112

10 or more peptide bonds

Front 113

peptide bonds to proteins

Back 113

Proteins are 50 or more peptide bonds

Front 114

primary structure

Back 114

Is determined by the sequence the amino acids are linked in

Front 115

Secondary structure

Back 115

such as the alpha helix or pleated sheet are caused by hydrogen bonding between atoms

Front 116

Tertiary structure

Back 116

The complex overall 3D shape a protein takes is caused by interactions between groups or surrounding water

Front 117

Quaternary shape

Back 117

Two or more polypeptides to form a protein complex example of globular or fibrous protein

Front 118

Denaturation

Back 118

Altering the shape of a protein which means it will lose its function

Front 119

Substrate

Back 119

chemical acted upon by the enzyme

Front 120

active site

Back 120

The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate like a lock and key

Front 121

Things that affect enzyme activity

Back 121

Temperature, salt concentration, and acidity or pH

Front 122

Enzyme helpers

Back 122

Enable the enzyme to work at the active site

Front 123

Cofactor

Back 123

An enzyme helper that is an ion or molecule that attaches to the active site before it will work

Front 124

Coenzyme

Back 124

An enzyme helper that is organic molecules that act as co-factors

Front 125

high-energy compound

Back 125

job is to provide energy for the cells common compounds are ATP ADP and amp

Front 126

Nucleic acids

Back 126

are the largest molecules in the body composed of chonp examples are DNA and RNA

Front 127

nitrogenous bases

Back 127

in DNA adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine comma in RNA adenine pairs with yourself and cytosine pairs with guanine

Front 128

surface area to volume ratio

Back 128

A cells surface area to volume ratio must be large because a cell must be able to get enough nutrients inside of it so that all of its parts function, as well as the able to remove enough waste so that it doesn't drown in its own toxins