A&p 2 Lecture 1

Front 1

Hematocrit

Back 1

the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood.

Front 2

Heparin

Back 2

medication which is used as an anticoagulant

Front 3

Centrifuge

Back 3

Spinning blood so it separates.

Front 4

3 parts if whole blood after centrifuge (anticoagulant)

Back 4

•Plasma - no cells

•Buffy Coat - WBC and Platelets

•Pallet -RBC

Front 5

Males have more hematocrit

Back 5

Males ~ 47%

Fenales ~ 42%

Because males have testosterone.

Front 6

2 parts after centrifuge

Back 6

•Serum - ions, other protwins, etc..

•Pallet - RBC, WBC, Platelets, and clotting proteins.

Front 7

Serum -

Back 7

It's plasma minus proteins/factors

Front 8

HbA1C Test

Back 8

Determines (pictures of) long term blood sugar control.

Front 9

Glycosylated

Back 9

When sugars attaches to a proteins making glycoprotein

Front 10

Normal HbA1C level

Back 10

~6% aka 6% of the hemoglobin in blood has sugar attached.

9%is high

Front 11

Blood Typying with A, B, AB, and O

Back 11

A = A antigen -

antiB antibody

B = B antigen -

antiA antibody

AB = Both -

No antibody

O = None -

both antibody

Front 12

Anti A antibody

Back 12

Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Front 13

RhoGAM

Back 13

Used to prevent an immune response of Rh positive blood in people with an Rh negative blood type.

Front 14

HDN (Hemolytic Disease of the New Born)

Back 14

•When a Rh- mom is pregnant with a newborn that is Rh+.

•Occurs on second pregnancy.

•If Rh+ enters mom, she creates antibodies.

Front 15

Erythropoiesis

Back 15

RBC production

Front 16

Possible Reasons for Hypoxia

Back 16

•Low hemoglobin

•Low O2 in high altitude

•Low RBC

Front 17

Hypoxia

Back 17

a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.

Front 18

Erythropoietin

Back 18

a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia.

Front 19

Erythropoietin process

Back 19

Erythropoietin-> Red Bone Marrow (Stem Cells)-> Erythroblasts-> Reticulocytes-> Erythrocytes

Front 20

Retic Count

Back 20

measures the number of new red blood cells in your body.

Front 21

Intrinsic Factor

Back 21

•A glycoprotein produced in stomache mucose of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12.

•May be low in elderly.

Front 22

Pernicious Factor

Back 22

One of the most frequent causes of vitamin B12 deficiency; it is often an immune disease. This disease is characterized by chronic inflammation and atrophy (thinning or shrivelling) of the mucous membrane of the stomach and the diminished amount, or total lack, of parietal cells and intrinsic factor.

Front 23

pH of Blood Effects ISF

Back 23

•pH level is 7.35-7.45

•H+ goes to equilibrium

•< 7.35 is considered more acidic=acidosis

•> 7.45 is considered alkalosis

Front 24

Blood Buffers

Back 24

•Proteins in Blood/Plasma

•Phosphate Ion System

•Carbonate System

Front 25

Proteins in Blood (buffers)

Back 25

•Greatest

•Unregulated

Eg. Hemoglobin

Eg. Plasma Proteins

Front 26

Phosphate Ion System (buffer)

Back 26

•Uses a weak acid and base

Front 27

Carbonate System

Back 27

•Relates CO2 with pH

CO2+H2O<--->HCO3-+H+

Front 28

CO2+H2O<-->H2CO3<-->HCO3-+H+

Back 28

Occurs in RBC at lungs, tissues, in kidneys 4 pH, stomache Acid, Pancreas which makes bicarbonate, cerebral spinal fluid for regulation or breathing.

Front 29

Hb Breakdown

Back 29

Hb->Heme->Bilirubin->liver->bile->small intestine->CDON->Feeces or from small intestine->blood->Kidney->urine

Hint 29

Front 30

Jaundice

Back 30

•increased bilirubin in blood (yellowish cdor)

•Decreased function: hepatitis, fatty liver desease, and cirrhosis.

Front 31

Neonatal Jaundice

Back 31

•increase breakdown of fetal Hb and replaced with adult Hb

•Increased bilirubin toxicity to brain

•treatment: vit k shot which boosts liver function and uv exposure

Front 32

Hemostasis (3x steps)

Back 32

(Stops bleeding)

•Vascular spasm

•Platelet form (not a clot)

•Coagulation

Front 33

Vascular Spasm

Back 33

•increase vasorestiction

•more damage causes more effect

Front 34

Platelet Forms

Back 34

•Normally not sticky

•Exposed Collagen + Chemicals from damage tissue activates Platelets which then they become sticky

Front 35

Coagulation

Back 35

Intrinsic Pathway:

•Exposed Collagen

•Platelet factors

Extrinsic Parhway:

•Damaged tissue release chemicals into blood

Eg. Tissue factor

(Both have a common pathway)

Front 36

Contraindication

Back 36

•Bleeding disorder

•Surgery

•Allergic to Asprin

Front 37

Thromboxane

Back 37

•Promotes Vascular Spasm

•Activates Platelets

Front 38

Heart: 2 pumps

Back 38

•R Side-Pullmonary Circuit

•High Flow and Low Pressure

•100% CO | 25/8

Front 39

Heart: 2 Pumpss

Back 39

Left Side=Systemic Circuit

High Flow and high Pressure

100%CO | 120/80

Front 40

Fetal Circulation Through Heart

Back 40

Hint 40

Front 41

Pericardial Membranes

Back 41

•Fibrous Pericardium-inelastic connective tissue

•Visceral Serous Pericardium aka epicardium

•partial serous Pericardium

Hint 41

Front 42

All Blood Vessels are Lined with Endocardium

Back 42

True

Front 43

Electrical Construction System

Back 43

2x of heart tissue

1)Contractil Muscles

2) Autorythmic Conduction Cells-Pacemaker cells that produce AP