A & P 1 Lecture

Front 1

Anatomy is the study of __________

Back 1

Form or structure, what things look like and their location

Front 2

Physiology is the study of _________

Back 2

FUNCTION, how things work and what they do

Front 3

What are the 4 types of Anatomy?

Back 3

Microscopic
Macroscopic
Regional
Systemic

Front 4

Microscopic anatomy involves the study of____________

Back 4

items on a microscopic level, the study of histology

Front 5

Macroscopic anatomy involves the study of anatomy ______________

Back 5

that is large enough to see with the naked eye such as bones and muscles, organs, etc.

Front 6

Regional anatomy involves the study of anatomy ______________

Back 6

of a particular area and ALL it's parts and structure

Front 7

Systemic anatomy involves the study of ________________

Back 7

The 11 individual systems of the body

Front 8

A body cavity is defined as ___________

Back 8

a confined space within the body that contains viscera or soft internal organs

Front 9

Cranial cavity with the vertebral cavity together make up the __________

Back 9

Dorsal cavity

Front 10

Thoracic cavity with the abdominal cavity together make up the _______

Back 10

Ventral Cavity

Front 11

The mediastinum , pericardial cavity and the 2 pleural cavities together make up what cavity?

Back 11

Thoracic

Front 12

The digestive, urinary and reproductive systems together make up what cavity?

Back 12

Abdominal

Front 13

What are the 11 major body systems?

Back 13

Skeletal & Muscular
Digestive and Urinary
Reproductive & Endocrine
Respiratory and Cardiovascular
Integumentary, Nervous and Sensory

Front 14

Anatomical terms must have _______ regardless of ___________

Back 14

the same meaning
the orientation of the animal or observer

Front 15

Anatomical terms are based on ________ through the animals body that are used as _________

Back 15

imaginary slices
points of reference

Front 16

Anatomical terms are based on sets of _________ that have __________

Back 16

directional terms
opposite meanings

Front 17

The sagittal plane runs _________ and divides it into 2 portions that ______

Back 17

the length of the body
may or may not be equal

Front 18

The median plane is a type of _________ that divides the body into ________

Back 18

Sagittal plane
EQUAL left and right halves

Front 19

The transverse plane is a plane that sits __________ and divides the body into ______________ or a limb into ______________ .

Back 19

at right angle to the long axis of the sagittal plane
cranial and caudal aspects
proximal and distal aspects

Front 20

The dorsal plane divides the body into _______________

Back 20

dorsal and ventral portions

Front 21

Directional terms occur in _______ and are used to describe _________ of body parts

Back 21

pairs
relative positions

Front 22

Thoracic/Thorax region is used to describe what area of the body?

Back 22

Chest

Front 23

Cranial cavity and Cephalic are regional names for what area of the body

Back 23

Skull

Front 24

Brachial is a regional term for what area of the body?

Back 24

Arm, front limb

Front 25

Patellar is used to describe what region of the body?

Back 25

knee

Front 26

Flexion is the ___________ in angle between 2 bones at a joint

Back 26

DECREASE

Front 27

Extension is the _____________ in angle between 2 bones at an articulation

Back 27

INCREASE

Front 28

Abduction involves the movement _______ from ____________

Back 28

Away
mid-line

Front 29

Adduction involves the movement _______ __________

Back 29

Toward
mid-line

Front 30

Bilateral symmetry means that the _________ are___________ of each other

Back 30

right and left halves
mirror images

Front 31

In reference to the general plan of the animal body, single structures are located___________

Back 31

toward the mid-line

(heart, brain, digestive system)

Front 32

The Pleural cavities each contain _____

Back 32

a lung

Front 33

The pericardium is a protective layer of tissue that protects the ___________

Back 33

heart

Front 34

The mediastinum contains everything in the __________ except for _______

Back 34

thoracic
the lungs

(heart, esophagus, thymus, great vessels, lymph nodes)

Front 35

The linings of the thoracic and abdominal cavity are made up of ___________ and these membranes are _______ which means they produce in their respective cavities.

Back 35

simple (one layer) squamous (flat) epithelium
serous
serous fluid

Front 36

Serous membranes line cavities that are_____________

Back 36

NOT open to the outside

Front 37

Visceral pleura lays on _____________

Back 37

thoracic organs

Front 38

Parietal pleura lines/lays on ___________

Back 38

body walls of thoracic cavity

Front 39

Visceral and parietal pleura are ________ but have different names based on _____________

Back 39

the same tissue
location on viscera or body walls

Front 40

Mucous membranes line organ systems that _______

Back 40

are open to the outside

(digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive)

Front 41

The type of cell that is responsible for producing Mucus is called ____

Back 41

a Goblet cell

Front 42

Homeostasis is defined as __________

Back 42

maintaining physiologic limits or dynamic equilibrium in the body

Front 43

The body maintains ____________ through the use of _________ loops

Back 43

homeostasis
feedback

Front 44

All feedback loops have _____ components and they are _________

Back 44

3
Receptor, Control center, Effector

Front 45

In the feedback loop, what is the function of the Receptor and what body system is involved in the functioning of this?

Back 45

Sense changes in a controlled condition
nervous tissue

Front 46

In the feedback loop, what is the function of the Control Center?

Back 46

To determine if conditions are optimum and if and what type of response is needed.

Front 47

In the feedback loop, what is the function of the Effectors and what are the 4 types?

Back 47

To effect the changes determined necessary by the control center

Skeletal (voluntary system)
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
glands

Front 48

Name the 2 types of feed back loops and which of the 2 is the most important and why?

Back 48

negative and positive
Negative because the majority are of this type

Front 49

Negative feedback loops ________ the changes in a control condition.

Back 49

reverses

Front 50

Negative feedback loops maintain body control conditions that require ___________

Back 50

frequent monitoring and adjustment

(temp., glucose, blood ph, blood pressure)

Front 51

A positive feedback loop ___________ a change in a controlled condition that ___________

Back 51

enhances
does not happen very often and do not require fine adjustments

(parturition)

Front 52

What are the 2 types of fluid spaces in the body?

Back 52

Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid which is made up of interstitial and intervascular fluid

Front 53

What is the most abundant fluid of the fluid spaces within the body?

Back 53

Intracellular
(cytoplasm)

Front 54

Intracellular fluid is the fluid _______

Back 54

Within cells
(cytoplasm)

Front 55

Extracellular fluid is made up of what 2 types of fluid?

Back 55

Interstitial and Intervasular

Front 56

Interstitial fluid is the fluid ___________

Back 56

Between cells, bathes them in fluid

Front 57

Intervascular fluid is the fluid ________

Back 57

in blood and lymph vessels

Front 58

Of the 2 types of Extravascular fluid, which makes up the majority of the total fluids?

Back 58

Interstitial fluid makes up 80% of Extravascular fluids

Front 59

What are the 3 functions of blood?

Back 59

Transportation
Regulation
Defense

Front 60

What are some of the items that BLOOD transports?

Back 60

O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, blood cells & platelets from bone marrow

Front 61

Blood is involved in the regulation of:

Back 61

~Body Temp
~Tissue fluid content
~Blood ph -around 7.4 +/- 0.05, should be slightly alkaline to buffer acidic wastes picked up from cells
FYI:below 7.35 is acidosis and can lead to cardiac arrest

Front 62

The blood contains _____ that are involved the the defense part of the 3 functions of blood.

Back 62

WBC's

Front 63

The blood contains __________ that are involved the the blood's defense against ____________ .

Back 63

13 clotting factors
blood loss

Front 64

What are the 3 components/steps in Hemostasis?

Back 64

1) Vasoconstriction: vascular spasm that SLOWS blood loss
2) Formation of a platelet plug
3) Formation of a clot via the coagulation cascade

Front 65

The Coagulation Cascade is _______ that must be ____________ and if one or more clotting factors is missing ___________

Back 65

~a series of steps involved in the formation of a clot during hemostasis
~completed from beginning to end in order for a clot to form
~a clot cannot form

Front 66

Clotting factors are ___________ a ______ from a ___________

Back 66

necessary to form
clot, platelet

Front 67

The ______ produces a majority of clotting factors.

Back 67

Liver

Front 68

Many clotting factors are dependent on what type of vitamin?

Back 68

K

Front 69

A clot is a _________ a platelet plug by a conversion of a soluble protein into a soluble protein.

Back 69

reinforcement of

Front 70

Plasma is

Back 70

the fluid portion of normal anti-coagulated blood

-used for CBC's, Purple top tube w/EDTA

Front 71

Serum is

Back 71

fluid portion of CLOTTED/coagulated blood

used for blood chemistries, Red Top Tube

Front 72

Plasma is composed of _______ water with a variety of dissolved substances.

Back 72

91-93%

Front 73

Plasma contains proteins, majority of which are made in the liver. One of them is called_________ which the _______ abundant dissolved protein in the blood.

Back 73

Albumin
most

Front 74

Albumin __________ edema, which is a collection of ____________ by maintaining ____________

Back 74

prevents
fluid in loose connective tissues
Plasma Oncontic Pressure

Front 75

Plasma Oncotic Pressure refers to the difference between the Osmotic pressure of __________ and the Osmotic pressure of the __________.

Back 75

blood
interstitial fluid or lymph.

Front 76

Maintaining Plasma Oncotic pressure is important because it maintains fluid balance between ________ and ___________

Back 76

blood and lymph in vessels
fluid in surrounding tissues

Front 77

Plasma also contains _______ factors produced by the ____________

Back 77

clotting
liver

Front 78

Plasma contains other solutes, name 5

Back 78

~Electrolytes
~Nutrients
~Waste products such as urea and bilirubin
~Gases: O2, CO2, N2
~Regulatory Substances secreted by endocrine system such as hormones and enzymes

Front 79

Urea is a product of the ___________, which releases __________ . The liver then takes 2 ammonia molecules and one CO2 molecule to create ______ which is then secreted by_______.

Back 79

digestion of proteins
ammonia (NH4)
urea
kidneys

Front 80

Bilirubin results from the breakdown of ____________ and it is this substance that is responsible for the normal colors of ______ & ________

Back 80

the hemoglobin proteins of RBC's
urine & feces

Front 81

Production of blood is called

Back 81

hematopoesis

Front 82

Red bone marrow contains cells that can produced any blood cell and these are called_________

Back 82

Pluripotent Stem cells

Front 83

The function of RBC's is ________

Back 83

to transport O2 attached to hemoglobin (Hb)

Front 84

There are ____ types of WBC's and their function is ___________

Back 84

5
immunity, clean up, defense

Front 85

The WBC's that have granules in their cytoplasm are called_______ and there are ___ types and they are ________

Back 85

granulocytes
3
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

Front 86

Neutrophils are involved in:

Back 86

phagocytosis

Front 87

Eosinophils are involved in

Back 87

allergies and EXTERNAL parasites will cause an increase in Neutrophils

Front 88

Basophil's are the ___________

Back 88

least seen and least understood of the granulocytic WBC's

Front 89

_________ have no granules in their cytoplasm and two types are:

Back 89

Agranulocytes
Monocytes, Lymphocytes

Front 90

Monocytes in the blood become _______ in tissues and are responsible for __________ and we tend to see greater numbers of these in __________ infections

Back 90

macrophages
phagocytosis
chronic

Front 91

There are ____ types of lymphocytes and they are called _____ and ______

Back 91

2
B, T

Front 92

T lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and then migrate to the __________ before moving to the bloodstream. These cells are responsible for ______ immunity

Back 92

Thymus
cellular

Front 93

B lymphocytes are responsible for ___________ immunity and their function is to produce_________ in response to _______

Back 93

Humoral
SPECIFIC antibodies
SPECIFIC antigens

Front 94

T Lymphocytes _________ pathogen or ____________ of causing disease

Back 94

kill
render it incapable

Front 95

Platelets are another component of blood and are small ________ of a Megakaryocyte's ___________ and are responsible for the __________ .

Back 95

fragments
plasma
formation of a platelet plug

Front 96

Passage through the cell membrane depends on what three characteristics?

Back 96

Passage through the cell membrane depends on 3 characteristics of the item trying to pass:
~Lipid solubility
~Size
~charge +/-

Front 97

A cell is a ______ of living things, ________ of tissues.

Back 97

basic unit
functional unit

Front 98

Name 3 things always always found in mammalian cells

Back 98

Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Front 99

What are the 6 general types of proteins in or on a cell membrane?

Back 99

Channel Proteins
Transporter Proteins
Receptor proteins
Cytoskeletal anchors
Enzymes
Cell identity markers

Front 100

What is the function of channel proteins on a cell membrane?

Back 100

Channel proteins are water filled pores that some substances can pass through

Front 101

What is the function of transporter proteins on the cell membrane?

Back 101

Transporter proteins change shape and move SPECIFIC substances across the membrane.

Front 102

What is the function of receptor proteins on the cell membrane?

Back 102

Receptor proteins recognize and bind hormones. Binding then changes cell function.
~One of the more clinically important of 6 named general proteins on the cell membrane

Front 103

What is the function of the Cytoskeletal anchors on the cell membrane?

Back 103

Cytoskeletal anchors provide attachment points for filaments & tubules
(cell skeleton)

Front 104

What is the function of enzymes on the cell membrane?

Back 104

Enzymes on the cell membrane speed up chemical reactions

Front 105

Cell identity markers on the cell membrane serve what function?

Back 105

Mark the cell as belonging to the the body.

Front 106

What is Passive transport?

Back 106

Methods for moving items across the cell membrane that does not require energy

Front 107

What are the four passive transport methods used by cells?

Back 107

Simple Diffusion
facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

Front 108

Simple diffusion is an example of ________ that involves movement of __________ down the concentration gradient. This involves ____membrane and _______carrier protein.

Back 108

passive transport
small molecules, gases and ions
no
no

Front 109

An example of when simple diffusion is used is ____________

Back 109

respiration

Front 110

Facilitated diffusion is a type of ________ transport and is how ___________ move across cell membrane, ________ their concentration gradient. This involves a __________ and a membrane is necessary.

Back 110

passive
larger and non-lipid molecules
down
Carrier protein

Front 111

Osmosis is a __________ transport that involves _______ moving _________ its concentration gradient. A semi-____________ is necessary but ______

Back 111

passive
water
down
permeable membrane
no carrier proteins are needed

Front 112

Filtration is a type of _________ transport that involves H2O and small solutes moving down the _______ and a ____________ is necessary but not a ____________

Back 112

passive
PRESSURE gradient (versus concentration in other 3)
cell membrane
carrier protein

Front 113

Active transport is the other way items are moved across a cell membrane and it is called active because __________ due to the fact that solutes are being moved __________

Back 113

it REQUIRES energy
against their concentration gradients

Front 114

Active transport requires a cell _______ and a __________

Back 114

membrane
carrier protein pump

Front 115

__________ of energy produced by muscle and nervous tissue is used to run the Sodium/Potassium ATpase pumps

Back 115

40%

Front 116

Endocytosis involves moving solutes ______ the cell. A type that involves moving solids into the cell is called ________ and liquids into the cell is called___________

Back 116

into
phagocytosis
pinocytosis

Front 117

Exocytosis involves moving solutes _______ and often involves secretion of ________ and ___________

Back 117

out of the cell
manufactured substances
wastes