Ap Language And Compsition Final Vocabulary

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Alliteration

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the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables

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Allusion

Back 2

an indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.

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Analogy

Back 3

an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things

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Anaphora

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the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses

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Anecdote

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a short account to an interesting event

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Annotation

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explanitory or critical notes added to a text.

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Antimetabole

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the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen the contrast

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Antithesis

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Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas

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Aphorism

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a short, astute statement of a general truth

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Archaic Diction

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the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.

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Arguement

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a statement put forth and supported be evidence

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Asyndeton

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leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.

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Authority

Back 13

a reliable, respected source-someone with knowledge.

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Bias

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prejudice or predesposition toward one side of a subject or issue

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Colloquill/ism

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ab informal or convorsational use of language

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Complex Sentence

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a sentence that includes one independant clause and at least one dependent clause

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Connotation

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That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning

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Coordination

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grammatical equivilance between parts of a sentance, often through a coordination conjunction such as and, or but

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Cumulative Sentence

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An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supplu additonal detail

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Declaritive Sentence

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a sentence that makes a statement

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Denotation

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the literal meaning of the word; it's dictionary definition

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Diction

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word choice

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Documentation

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bibliographic information about sources used in a piece of writting

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Epigram

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a brief witty statement

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Ethos

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a greek term reffering to the charactor of a person; one of Aristotle's 3 rhetorical appeals

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Figurative Language

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the use of tropees or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect

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Figure of Speech

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an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning

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Hortatory

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urging, or stongly encouraging

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Imagery

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vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses

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Imperative Sentence

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a sentence that requests or commands

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Inversion

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a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject

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Irony

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a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity bewteen action and result

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Juxtapotision

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placement of two things side by side for emphasis

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Logos

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a greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic

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Metaphor

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a figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit conparision

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Metonymy

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use of aspect of something to represent the whole

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Narration

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retelling an event or series of events

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Omniscient Narrator

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an all-knowing, usually 3rd person narrator

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Oxymoron

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a figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms

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Paradox

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a statemetn that seems contradictory but is actually true

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Parallelism

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the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns

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Parody

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a piece the imitates and exaggerates the prominate features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule

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Pathos

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a greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion

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Periodic Sentence

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a sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause

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Personification

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Assigning lifelike charactoristics to inanimate objects

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Polysyndeton

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the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions

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Premise;major;minor

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two parts of syllogism. the concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise

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Pronoun

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a word used to replace a noun or noun phrase

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Propaganda

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a negative term for writting desgigned to sway opinion rather than to present information

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Purpose

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one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writting

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Refute

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to discredit an arguement; particularly a counterargument

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Rhetoric

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the study of effevtive, persuasive language use. "availible means of persuasion"

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Rhetorical Modes

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Patterns of organization developed to achive a specific purpose, e.g. narration, describtion, ect

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Rhetorical Question

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a question asked mroe to produce and effect than to summon an answer

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Rhetorical Triangle

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a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker,the subject, and audience,

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Satire

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an ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it

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Scheme

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a pattern of words or sentence construcion used for rhetorical effect

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Subject

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in rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writting

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Subordinate Clause

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created by a subordicating conjunction, a clause that motifies and independant clause

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Subordination

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the dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence

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Syllogism

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a form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise

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Sytax

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sentence structure

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Sythesize

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Combining or bringing together two ro more elements to produce something more complex

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Thesis

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the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer

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Thesis Statement

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a statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit

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Tone

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the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience

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Topic Sentence

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A sentence most often apearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis

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Trope

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Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way

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Understatement

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Lach of emphasis in a statement ot point; restraint in language often used for an ironic effect

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Zeugma

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a construction in which one word (usually verb) motifies or governs two or more words in a sentence

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Mono vs. poly syllabic

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one syllable vs. many syllables

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Euphonious vs. cacophonous

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pleasing sound vs. harsh sound

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Literal vs. figurative

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accurate to the letter vs. appeals to the senses;departure from normal order

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Denotative vs. connotative

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basic or dictionary meaning vs. the emotionally implicated that words mean

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Objective vs. subjective

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non-biased vs. expressive in a personal manner

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Active vs. passive

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object does the action vs. action is done to the object

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Concrete vs. abstract

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literal vs. intangable

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Hyperbolic (overstated) vs. understated

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overstated for effect vs. understated or down played

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Pedestrian vs. Pedantic

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Common speech or laymans terms vs. learning for its own sake; pompous

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Non-standard

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unconventional

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Vulgarity

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obscene

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Slang

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vernacular, familiar and informal

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Jargon

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Laguage used by a particular group (doctor, military, ect)

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Cliche

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trite, hackneyed

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Informal

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Conversational

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Formal

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using accepted forms, conventions, and regulations

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Assonance

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Repetition of 2 or more of the same vowel sound

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Consonance

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when final consonants agree but vowels are different

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Onomatopoeia

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words that by their sounds are different e.g. MOO, Buzz

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Verb

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expresses an action or being

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Noun

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person place or thing or idea

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Adj.

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a word used to describe or motify a noun or pronoun. unually answers which one? how many? ect

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Adverb

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motifies a verb, adj, or an adverb usually answers when? why? ect

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Pronoun

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word used in place of a noun (he she it)

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Prepesistion

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a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence

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Interjection

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a word that is used to express suprise or emotion

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Conjunction

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Joins words, phrases, or clauses and they indicate relation between elements joined. FANBOYS

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Subject

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Tells who or what the sentence is about

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Predicate

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part of sentencee that says something about a subject

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Sentence

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a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought

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Phrase

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a group of words that does not contain a subject or verb

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Clause

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group or words that has a subject and a verb

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Indep. clause

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expressing a complete thought; stands alone

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Dep. clause

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tells why where when and how, also known as an adverb clause, generally placed before or after the indep. clause