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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The trunks and ganglias make up what of the autonomic nervous system
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sympathetic chain
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_____ come off the ganglion to the spinal intercostal nerve
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rami communicantes
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Nerve that branches off the sympathetic trunk in the middle of the thoracic cavity and travels down the anterior side of the veterbral column
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splanchnic nerve
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Touch, pressure, cold, heat and pain are known as _____
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cutaneous sensation
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Cutaneous receptors for touch include _____ and _____
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root hair plexuse
Meissners corpuscles |
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The sensations for _____ are longer lasting than are senations of touch
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pressure
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The pressure receptors are called _____
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Pacinian corpuscles
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The receptors for ____ are the branching ends of dendrites of certain neurons; __________
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pain
free nerve endings |
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Receptors that are located in a joint, muscle or tendon; concerned with locomotion, posture, and muscle tone
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propriocetpive sensors (kinesthetic sense)
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Where are the receptors for the olfactory senses found?
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nasal epithelium
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Which _____ on the tongue are shaped like mushrooms
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papillae
circumvallate papillae |
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Which _____ on the tongue are shaped like wave or dagger
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papillae
filiform papillae |
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Which _____ on the tongue appear to have a hand inside
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papillae
fungiform papillae |
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Which papillae are found at the back of the tongue?
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circumvallate papillae
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Which papillae are most common, found on the majority of the tounge?
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filiform papillae
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Which papillae are scattered around the tongue?
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fungiform
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Which two papillae are found together?
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filiform
fungiform |
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Which papillae are the tastebuds located on?
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circumvallate
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What is the purpose of the eyebrows?
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shade the eyes from the sun and prevent perspiration from the forehead from entering the eyes
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The eyelid is called the _____
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palpebrae
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Thin protective mucous membrane lining the eyelidsand covering the anterior surface of the itself
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conjunctiva
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rows of short hairs that border each eyelid
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eyelashes
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These components make up the _____
*lacrimal gland *excretory lacrimal ducts *puncta lacrimalia *lacrimal canals *lacrimal sacs *nasolacrimal duct |
lacrimal apparatus
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superior to the lateral aspect of each eye; produces tears and lysosome
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lacrimal gland
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iinternal underneath eyelashes; below the gland
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excretory lacrimal ducts
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medial eye where tears come out
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puncta lacrimalia
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canals drain into prior to nasolacrimalduct
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lacrimal sacs
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empties into nasal cavity
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nasolacrimal duct
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Outer Fibrous Tunic: Posterior: _____
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sclera
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Outer Fibrous Tunic: Anterior: _____
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cornea
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Middle Vascular Tunic: Posterior: _____
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choroid
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Middle Vascular Tunic: Anterior: _____
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ciliary body
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Inner Nervous Tunic
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retina
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What seperates the anterior and posterior chambers?
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iris
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posterior cavity; has clear gel that binds tremendous amounts of water
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vitreous body
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white of the eye; outer most layer
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sclera
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anterior; crystal clear window; lets light enter; light bending aparatus
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cornea
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middle layer; dark brown membrane; nutrient rich layer
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choroid
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ciliary body is made up of _____ and _____
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ciliary processes
ciliary muscles |
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radiating folds, capillaries secrete fluid and fills anterior cavitity
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ciliary processes
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interlacing, smooth bundles, controls the lens shape
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ciliary muscles
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visible color part of the eye
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iris
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round opening that allows the light to enter
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pupil
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biconvex, transparent, flexible; changes shape to focus light on retina
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lens
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_____ is where the optic nerve exists the eye; weak spot, lacks photoreceptors
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blind spot (optic disc)
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posterior; inferior to the eye; exists the back
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optic nerve
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inner most layer, made up of 2 layers (pigmented & neural)
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retina
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what 2 layers make up the retina?
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pigmented and neural
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attaches ciliary bodies to lens; keep lens from moving
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suspensory ligaments
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fluid in the posterior chamber
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vitreous humor
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fluid in the anterior chamber
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aqueous humor
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area of high cone density; posterior around fovea centralis
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macula lutea
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minute pit; mostly cones; greated visual acuity
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fovea centralis
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junction of 2 layers of retina
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ora serrata
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anterior below cornea; aqueous humor is reabsorbed into this
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canal of Schlemm
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What is the function of the vitreous humor?
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*transmit light
*supports the posterior surfaces of the lends & hold the retina firmly against the pigmented layer *contributes to intraocular pressure helping to counteract the pulling force of the extrinsic eye muscles |
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What is the function of the sclera?
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protect and shape the eyeball; provides sturdy anchor site for extrinsic eye muscles
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What is the function of the cornea?
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controls the light that enters the eye
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What is the function of the choroid?
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absorbs light; nutrient rich layer
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What is the function of the ciliary body?
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produces aqueous humor; aids in pupil constriction and dialation
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What is the function of the retina?
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contains photoreceptors to transduce light energy ultimately into vision
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Muscle that raises the top eyelid
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levator palpebrae
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What extrinsic eye muscles goes around the trochlea?
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superior oblique muscle
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What is the "hook" in the skull that the superior oblique muscle connects to?
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trochlea
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The pupil will _____ if too much light enters.
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close
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The pupil will ____ if there is not enough light.
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open
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What is the metallic blue in animals eyes that assists with night vision?
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tapeetum lucidum
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What is the function of lens?
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changes shape to focus light on the retina
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What is meant by visual acuity?
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sharpness of vision; tested with Snellen eye chart
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What causes glaucoma and why might glaucoma cause blindness?
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A build up of interocular fluids which puts pressure on the optic nerve.
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What nereve innervates the lateral rectus?
(moves eye laterally) |
VI (abducens)
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What nereve innervates the superior oblique?
(depresses eye & turns laterally) |
IV (trochlear)
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What nereve innervates the inferior oblique?
(elevates eye & turns laterally) |
III (oculomotor)
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What nereve innervates the medial rectus?
(moves eye medially) |
III (oculomotor)
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What nereve innervates the superior rectus?
(elevates eye) |
III (oculomotor)
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What nereve innervates the inferior rectus?
(depresses eye) |
III (oculomotor)
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What nereve innervates the levator palpebrae?
(top eyelid) |
VII (facial)
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a condition in which images are focused in front, rather than on the retina; nearsightedness
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myopia
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a condition in which images are focused behind, rather than on the retina;
farsightedness |
hyperopia
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a condition in which unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens of the eye lead to blurred vision
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astigmatism
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the bending of a light ray when it meets a different surface at an oblique rather than right angle
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refaction
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the process of increasing the refractive power of the lens of the eye; focusing
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accomodation
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*sense of head position in space with respect to gravity
*standing/sitting still |
static equilibrium
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*sense that reports on angular (rotary) acceleration or deceleration of the head in space
*movement |
dynamic equilibrium
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most outer part of ear
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helix
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immediately inside ear
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auricle (pinna)
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lobe where an ear would be pierced
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lobule
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medial part of ear on face
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tragus
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hole going in ear
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external auditory meatus
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eardrum; vibrates
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tympanic cavity
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3 ear ossicles
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malleus
incus stapes |
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links middle ear cavity with nasopharynx; posterior to tympanic cavity
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auditory tube
eustachian tube pharyngotypanic tube |
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above tympanic membrane/cavity; attic
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epitympanic recess
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wehre tympanic membrane sists
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tympanic cavity
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leads to inner ear; stapes sits in
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oval window
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Inner ear is also called the _____
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bony labyrinth
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middle mass, canals attach to center of bony labyrinth
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vestibule
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snail shape
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cochlea
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3 loops
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semicircular canals
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canal attaches to vestibule; bump on vestibule
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ampulla
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What fluid is in the cochlea and semicircular canals?
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perilymph
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What 2 structures assist in static equilibrium and where are they located?
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utricle
saccule within the vestibule |
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middle opening that houses the organ of corti; divides the cavity of the bony cochlea into 3 chambers
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cochlear duct
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inferior to cochlear duct within the cochlea
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scala tympani
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superior to cochlear duct within the cochlea
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scala vestibuli
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where cochlea and vestibule meet; at end of scala tympani
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round window
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nerve from vestibule; superior
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vestibular nerve
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nerve from cochlea; meets up with vestibular nerve
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cochlear nerve
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vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve together meet and make the _____
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vestibulocochlear nerve
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What fluid in in the cochlear ducts and semicircular ducts?
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endolymph
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What type of fluid is located within the scala tympani and the scala bestibuli?
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perilymph
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The _____ is the organ of hearing and composed of the tectorial membrane and hair cells.
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organ of Corti
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The receptors for equilibrium in the ear are the ____, _____ and _____.
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saccule
utricle semicircular ducts |
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The utricle and saccule are considered to be the sense organ of ______.
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static equilibrium
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The semicircular ducts maintain ______.
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dynamic equilbrium
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What is the function of the 3 ossicles?
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transmit vibrations to oval window; excite the hearing receptors
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What is the function of the organ of Corti?
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transduction of sound
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What causes poor equilibrium during an ear infection?
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build up of fluid on tympanic membrane
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What gland explains the body's response to stress?
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Adrenal gland
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What gland explains the body's regulation of blood glucose levels?
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pancreas
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What gland explains the body's hormonal control of metabolism?
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thyroid
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What gland explains the body's regulation of blood Ca++ levels?
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parathyroid
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gland located anterior neck; butterfly shape
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thyroid
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gland located on the posterior side of the thyroid
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parathyroid
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gland that is long and skinny; comes down from neck to top of heart
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thymus
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gland on top of kidney
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adrenal
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gland above stomach that looks like chewed up bubble gum
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pancreas
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two glands located in the brain
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pineal gland
pituitary gland |
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Female Reproductive System:
large bulb shape in center |
uterus
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Female Reproductive System:
small bulb; houses oocytes |
ovaries
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Female Reproductive System:
tube connected to fimbriae |
uterine (fallopian) tube
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Female Reproductive System:
finger like projection on top of ovary; picks up the egg |
fimbriae
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Male Reproductive System:
round, white piece under penis head |
testes
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Male Reproductive System:
white, outer most layer on testes |
tunica albuginea
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Male Reproductive System:
1/2 moon shape on back of testes |
epididymis
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SLIDE:
center, small dots |
developing sperm
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SLIDE:
center, empty space |
lumen of the seminiferous tubule
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SLIDE:
outer edges of round ones |
seminiferous tubule
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SLIDE:
gaps (triangular/square) between round ones |
interstitial cells of Leydig
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SLIDE:
most outer layer, white |
tunica albuginea
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Ovary
most outer layer |
germinal epithelium
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Ovary
2nd layer from outer white |
tunica albuginea
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Ovary
3 layer from outer |
stromal cortex
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Ovary
Center/middle layer blood vessels in this area |
stromal medulla
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List in order the follicles as they develope
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*primoridal follicles
*primary follicles *secondary follicles *Graafin (mature) follicles |
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What is the most mature follicle?
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Graafin
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What does the area the Graafin follicle was in become when it ruptures?
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follicular cavity and fluid
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If an egg is fertilized it is a _____, if not fertilization takes place, it is a ______
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developing ovum
oocyte |
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After ovulation the follicle becomes a _____
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corpus luteum
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Degenerating corpus luteum/scar tissue is ______
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corpus albicans
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The _____ lobe of the pituitary gland releases hormones that control the male and female reproductive cycles.
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anterior
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In the males, hormones are released to stimulate _______ in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and production of _____, the male sex hormone.
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speratogenisis
testosterone |
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In the female, hormones are released for the development and maintenance of the _____ and the changes that occur duing the monthly reproductive cycles.
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eggs
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The _____ of the brain secretes _____ that enters the blood vessels leading to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
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hypothalamus
ganadotrophin releasing factor (GRF) |
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After ganadotrophin relasing factor (GRF) is released, the two gonadotropins are released
_____ _____ |
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing (LH) |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males stimulates _____
in females it stimulates the growth of _____ in the ovary |
spermatogenesis
primordial follicles |
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in males stimulates the Leydig cells to produce _____
in females, it stimulates ovulation of the egg from the ovary and the formation of the _____ |
testosterone
corpus luteum |
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Two female hormones secreted by the ovaries are
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estrogen
progesterone |
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______the hormone mainly responsible for the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics
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estrogen
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____ is the hormone produced primarily by the ovaries which causes changes to occur in the uterine lining during the reproductive cycles
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progesterone
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The female reproductive cycle or menstrual cycle is characteristic by regular recurring changes in the _____ that culminate in menstral bleeding.
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uterine lining
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Proliferative Phase is at ____ days
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14
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Secretory Phase is at _____ days
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8-10
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Menstrual Phase is at _____ days
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3-5
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Proliferative Phase
The _____ released _____which stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to secrete _____ |
hypothalamus
ganadotrophin releasing factor (GRF) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Proliferative Phase
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates _____ of a follicle |
maturation
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Proliferative Phase
Follicular cells produce and secrete _____, which cuases the uterine lining (endometrium) to thicken. |
estrogen
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Proliferative Phase
The anterior pituitary gland secretes a large amount of _____ which stimulates _____, this occurs on day 14 of the cycle. |
Luteinizing
ovulation |
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Secretory Phase
Following ovulation, the follicle is now called a _____, it secretes _____ and _____ |
corpus luteum
estrogen progesterone |
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Secretory Phase
_____ continues to stimulate the uterine lining to develop _____ stimulates the uterine lining to become more glandular and vascular Together they inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH |
Estrogen
Progesterone |
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Menstrual Phase
If the egg is not fertilized, the _____ degenerates to become a _____ and no loner secretes estrogen and progesterone |
corpus luteum
corpus albicans |
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Menstrual Phase
As the levels of estrogen and progesterone decline, _____ in the uterine lining constrict, the uterine lining disintegrates and sloughs away producing menstrual flow. |
blood vessels
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Menstrual Phase
The cycle begins again, when the anterior pituitary gland begins to produce _____. |
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
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During menstration ____ hormone is present.
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone
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During Proliferative or Follicular phase _____ and ____ are the two hormones present.
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Estrogen and Luteinizing
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In the Secretory phase _____ is the hormone present
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progesterone
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What hormone(s) does the thyroid secrete?
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TH (thyroid hormone)
calcitonin |
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What hormone(s) does the parathyroid secrete?
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PTH (parathyroid hormone)
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What hormone(s) does the thymus secrete?
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thymosins
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What hormone(s) does the pancreas secrete?
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glucagon
insulin |
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What hormone(s) does the adrenal medulla secrete?
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epinephrine
norepinephrine |
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What hormone(s) does the adrenal cortex secrete?
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corisol
aldosterone androgens |
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What hormone(s) does the pineal gland secrete?
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melatonin
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What hormone(s) do the testes secrete?
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testosterone
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What hormone(s) do the ovaries secrete?
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estrogen
progesterone |
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What hormone(s) does the anterior pituitary secrete?
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TSH (thyroid stimulation hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic) GH (growth hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) PRL (proactin) LH (Luteinizing) |
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What hormone(s) does the posterior pituitary secrete?
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
oxytocin (females) |
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What is the function of the thyroid and its hormones?
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control the rate of body metabolism and decrease blood Ca++ with stimulation of Ca salt deposits in the bones
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What is the function of the parathyroid and its hormones?
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regulator of calcium balance of the blood; stimulates the kidneys to active Vitamin D
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What is the function of the thymus and its hormones?
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maturation and specialization of T-lymphocytes (t cells); cellular immunity, immune response
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What is the function of the pancreas and its hormones?
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assist in digestion and control blood glucose levels
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What is the function of the adrenal medulla and its hormones?
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80% epinephrine; act in conjuction with sympathetic nervous system; fight or flight response, short and long term stress
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What is the function of the adrenal cortex and its hormones?
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long term stress response
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What is the function of the pineal gland and its hormones?
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sleep wake cycles; prevent early sexual maturation
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What is the function of the testes and their hormones?
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promote testosterone production and stimulate sperm production
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What is the function of the ovaries and their hormones?
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Development of the secondary sex characteristics and to bring about the menstrual cycle
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What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland and its hormones?
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manufactures and releases many hormones for various functions
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What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland and its hormones?
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ADH: body water balance
oxytocin: females only; initiates labor contractions and lactation |
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Where is the pituitary gland located within the brain?
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on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
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