A&p Ii Test 5

Front 1

What are the primary sex organs?

Back 1

testes in males, ovaries in females

Front 2

What produce sex cells does and secrete sex hormone

Back 2

Gonads

Front 3

What are the accessory repro organs?

Back 3

ducts, glands, and external genitalia

Front 4

What are the sex hormones?

Back 4

androgens (males), and estrogens/progesterone (females)

Front 5

Sex hormones play roles in:

Back 5

Development and function of reproductive organs.
Sexual behavior/drives.
Growth/development of other organs and tissues

Front 6

What produces sperm and lie in the scrotum?

Back 6

Male gonads (testes)

Front 7

How is sperm delivered to the external?

Back 7

Through a system of ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra

Front 8

What are the male sex accessory glands?

Back 8

Empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation
Include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

Front 9

Where does the scrotum hang?

Back 9

Outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis

Front 10

What seperates the testies?

Back 10

The a midline septum

Front 11

What two muscles controls the Intrascrotal temp?

Back 11

Dartos and Cremaster

Front 12

What smooth m. wrinkles scrotal skin?

Back 12

Dartos

Front 13

What Skletal m. elevate the testies?

Back 13

Cremaster

Front 14

What divide the testis into 250-300 lobules?

Back 14

Septa

Front 15

Each lobules contains how many seminiferous tubules?

Back 15

1-4

Front 16

What does the seminiferous tubules produce and converge into?

Back 16

Sperm and tubulus rectus

Front 17

The straight tubulus rectus conveys sperm to what?

Back 17

Rete testis

Front 18

From the rete testis, the sperm leave the testies via what and enter what?

Back 18

via the efferent ductules and enter the epididymis.

Front 19

Surrounding the seminiferous tubules are interstitial cells that produce what hormone?

Back 19

Androgens

Front 20

What is the purpose of the spermatic cord?

Back 20

Encloses PNS and SNS nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes

Front 21

What is the function of the penis and what is it constst of?

Back 21

A copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.
Consists of an attached root and a free shaft that ends in the glans penis

Front 22

What is the cuff of skin covering the distal end of the penis?

Back 22

Prepuce, or foreskin

Front 23

What are the urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue called?

Back 23

Internal penis

Front 24

What is the term for during sexual excitement, the erectile tissue fills with blood causing the penis to enlarge and become rigid (parasympathetic response)

Back 24

Erection

Front 25

What are the spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle riddled with vascular spaces

Back 25

Erectile tissue

Front 26

What is the single erectile body that surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of the penis?

Back 26

Corpus spongiosum

Front 27

What are the paired dorsal erectile bodies bound by fibrous tunica albuginea?

Back 27

Corpora cavernosa

Front 28

The Epididymis head joins what ductules and caps what aspect of the testies?

Back 28

Joins the efferent ductules and caps the superior aspect.

Front 29

The duct of the epididymis has stereocilia that does what?

Back 29

Absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to the sperm.

Front 30

What happens to nonmotile sperm that enter the epididymis and pass through its tubes?

Back 30

it becomes motile.

Front 31

Durring ejaculation the epididymis ____, expelling sperm into the what?

Back 31

Contracts and expells into the ductus deferens.

Front 32

What runs from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity

Back 32

Ductus Deferens and Ejaculatory Duct

Front 33

The Ductus Deferens and Ejaculatory Duct terminus expands to form what and then joins the duct of the What to form what?

Back 33

Form the ampulla then joins the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

Front 34

The Ductus Deferens and Ejaculatory Duct propels sperm from the epididymis to where?

Back 34

The urethra

Front 35

What is cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control called?

Back 35

Vasectomy

Front 36

What is the function of the Urethra?

Back 36

Conveys both urine and semen (at different times)

Front 37

The urethra consist of what three regions?

Back 37

–Prostatic – portion surrounded by the prostate
–Membranous – lies in the urogenital diaphragm
–Spongy, or penile – runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice

Front 38

Where does the Seminal Vesicles lie and secrete what?

Back 38

posterior wall of the bladder and secrete 60% of the volume of semen.

Front 39

What is semen?

Back 39

viscous alkaline fluid containing fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins

Front 40

What does the seminal vesicles join with to form the ejaculatory duct?

Back 40

the ductus deferens

Front 41

Where does the sperm and seminal fluid mix and where does it enter during ejaculation?

Back 41

Mix in the ejaculatory duct and enter the prostatic urethra during ejaculation

Front 42

Describe the prostate gland.

Back 42

•Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder
•Its milky, slightly acid fluid, which contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), accounts for one-third of the semen volume
•Plays a role in the activation of sperm
•Enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation

Front 43

Describe the Bulbourethral Glands.

Back 43

•Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
•Produce thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra
•Also reffered to as the Cowper’s Glands

Front 44

What is semen?

Back 44

•Milky white, sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
•Provides a transport medium and nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, and facilitates their movement
•The relative alkalinity of semen neutralizes the acid environment found in the male urethra and female vagina
•Only 2-5 ml of semen are ejaculated, but it contains 50-130 million sperm/ml

Front 45

Prostaglandins in semen:

Back 45

–Decrease the viscosity of mucus in the cervix
–Stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus
–Facilitate the movement of sperm through the female reproductive tract

Front 46

Describe the Male Sexual Response: Erection.

Back 46

•Enlargement and stiffening of the penis from engorgement of erectile tissue with blood
•During sexual arousal, a PNS reflex promotes the release of nitric oxide
•Nitric oxide causes erectile tissue to fill with blood
•Expansion of the corpora cavernosa:
–Compresses their drainage veins
–Retards blood outflow and maintains engorgement
•The corpus spongiosum functions in keeping the urethra open during ejaculation
•Impotence – inability to attain erection

Front 47

What is ejaculation and what happens durring ejaculation?

Back 47

• The propulsion of semen from the male duct system
• At ejaculation, sympathetic nerves serving the genital organs cause:
– Reproductive ducts and accessory organs to contract and empty their contents
– The bladder sphincter muscle to constrict, preventing the expulsion of urine
– Bulbospongiosus muscles to undergo a rapid series of contractions
– Propulsion of semen from the urethra

Front 48

What is Spermatogenesis?

Back 48

The sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

Front 49

What are the diploid chromosomal number?

Back 49

2n

Front 50

Gametes only have how many chromosomes and are said to be what? (n chromosomal number)

Back 50

23 and haploid

Front 51

Haploid chromosomal number are?

Back 51

n

Front 52

How are gamete formed?

Back 52

meiosis

Front 53

What are the meiosis phases?

Back 53

Interphase
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

Front 54

Describe interphase.

Back 54

•Two nuclear divisions halve the number of chromosomes
•Chromosomes replicate prior to meiosis I

Front 55

Describe prophase I.

Back 55

• Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis
• Tetrads are formed with homologous partners
• Crossing over takes place during prophase I

Front 56

Describe metaphase I.

Back 56

• Tetrads line up at the spindle equator during metaphase I

Front 57

Describe anaphase I.

Back 57

• Homologous chromosomes composed of joined sister chromatids are distributed to opposite ends of the cell

Front 58

Describe telophase I.

Back 58

• Nuclear membrane forms around chromosomal masses
• Spindle break down
• Chromatin reappears
• With telophase and cytokinesis completed, two haploid daughter cells are formed (with 2n amount of DNA)

Front 59

What is meiosis II?

Back 59

• Mirrors mitosis except that chromosomes are not replicated before it begins
• Meiosis accomplishes two tasks:
– It reduces the chromosome number by half (2n to n)-
– It introduces genetic variability bc now the “old” and “new” chromosomes have different genetic info due to crossing over during meiosis I

Front 60

What is Spermatogenesis?

Back 60

•Cells making up the walls of seminiferous tubules are in various stages of cell division
•These spermatogenic cells give rise to sperm in a series of events
– Mitosis of spermatogonia, forming spermatocytes
–Meiosis forms spermatids from spermatocytes
–Spermiogenesis – spermatids form sperm

Front 61

What is the outermost cells in contact with the epithelial basal lamina?

Back 61

Spermatogonia

Front 62

When does Spermatogenesis begins?

Back 62

at puberty as each mitotic division of spermatogonia results in type A or type B daughter cells.

Front 63

What is Type A cells?

Back 63

(“stay” rhymes with A- they stay next to the exterior) cells remain at the basement membrane and maintain the germ line

Front 64

What is Type B cells?

Back 64

move toward the lumen and become primary spermatocytes

Front 65

What are the process of Spermatocytes to Spermatids?

Back 65

• Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I, forming two haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes
• Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II and their daughter cells are called spermatids (the “kids”)
Spermatids are small round cells seen close to the lumen of the tubule

Front 66

spermatids lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail, becoming sperm is referred as?

Back 66

Spermiogenesis

Front 67

What are the three main regions of the sperm?

Back 67

– Head – contains DNA and has a helmetlike acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg
– Midpiece – contains mitochondria spiraled around the tail filaments
– Tail – a typical flagellum produced by a centriole

Front 68

What are Sertoli Cells?

Back 68

Cells that extend from the basal lamina to the lumen of the tubule that surrounds developing cells

Front 69

How are the sertoli cells bonded together?

Back 69

with tight junctions

Front 70

The sertoli cells basal compartment contains?

Back 70

spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

Front 71

The The sertoli Adluminal compartment contains?

Back 71

meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen

Front 72

The Sertoli Cells tight junction forms what?

Back 72

blood-testis barrier

Front 73

What is the function of the blood-testis barrier

Back 73

prevents sperm antigens from escaping through the basal lamina into the blood

Front 74

Since sperm are not formed until puberty, they are absent during when?

Back 74

thymic education

Front 75

Spermatogonia are recognized as “self” and are influenced by what?

Back 75

bloodborne chemical messengers

Front 76

What are the Adluminal Compartment Activities?

Back 76

• Spermatocytes and spermatids are nearly enclosed in sustentacular cells, which:
– Deliver nutrients to dividing cells
– Move them along to the lumen
– Secrete testicular fluid that provides the transport medium for sperm
– Dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during maturation to sperm
– Produce chemical mediators that help regulate spermatogenesis

Front 77

Pertaining to the Hormonal Regulation of Testicular Function, what does the hypothalamus releases?

Back 77

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Front 78

What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

Back 78

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
– FSH causes sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)
– LH stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone

Front 79

What does ABP binding of testosterone enhances?

Back 79

spermatogenesis

Front 80

What are the Mechanism and Effects of Testosterone Activity?

Back 80

• Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol
• Testosterone targets all accessory organs and its deficiency causes these organs to atrophy

Front 81

What are the Male Secondary Sex Characteristics?

Back 81

– Appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
– Enhanced growth of the chest and deepening of the voice
– Skin thickens and becomes oily
– Bones grow and increase in density
– Skeletal muscles increase in size and mass

Front 82

What are the Female Reproductive Anatomy?

Back 82

Ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs

Front 83

What is the function of the ovary?

Back 83

Make female gametes (ova)
Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Front 84

What does the femal accessory ducts includes?

Back 84

uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

Front 85

ovaries and the internal ducts are?

Back 85

Internal genitalia

Front 86

external sex organs are?

Back 86

External genitalia

Front 87

Describe the ovary.

Back 87

• They are surrounded by a fibrous tunica albuginea, which is covered by a layer of epithelial cells called the germinal epithelium
• Embedded in the ovary cortex are ovarian follicles
• Each follicle consists of an immature egg called an oocyte
• Cells around the oocyte are called:
– Follicle cells (one cell layer thick)
– Granulosa cells (when more than one layer is present)

Front 88

What are the stages that the ovary goes through?

Back 88

• Primordial follicle – one layer of squamouslike follicle cells surrounds the oocyte
• Primary follicle – two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte
• Secondary follicle – has a fluid-filled space between granulosa cells that coalesces to form a central antrum
• Graafian follicle – secondary follicle at its most mature stage that bulges from the surface of the ovary
• Ovulation – ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle
• Corpus luteum – ruptured follicle after ovulation

Front 89

What is the function of the Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes) and Oviducts?

Back 89

Receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization

Front 90

The Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes) and Oviducts Expand distally around the ovary forming what?

Back 90

ampulla

Front 91

The ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated _____ containing fingerlike projections called _____.

Back 91

ciliated infundibulum containing fingerlike projections called fimbriae

Front 92

The uterine tubes have no contact with the ovaries and the ovulated oocyte is cast into the?

Back 92

peritoneal cavity

Front 93

The oocyte is carried toward the uterus by what action?

Back 93

peristalsis and ciliary

Front 94

What cells keep the oocyte and the sperm nourished and moist

Back 94

Nonciliated

Front 95

What is a Uterus?

Back 95

Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder

Front 96

What is a Cervix?

Back 96

narrow neck which projects into the vagina inferiorly

Front 97

What secrete mucus that covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle?

Back 97

Cervical glands

Front 98

What are the three layers of the cervical wall?

Back 98

– Perimetrium – outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum
– Myometrium – middle layer; interlacing layers of smooth muscle
– Endometrium – mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

Front 99

What has numerous uterine glands that change in length as the endometrial thickness changes?

Back 99

Endometrium

Front 100

What are the two sections of the Endometrium?

Back 100

• Stratum functionalis:
– Undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones
– Is shed during menstruation
• Stratum basalis:
– Forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends
– Does not respond to ovarian hormones

Front 101

What is a vagina and its' functions?

Back 101

• Thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body
• The urethra is embedded in the anterior wall
• Provides a passageway for birth, menstrual flow, and is the organ of copulation

Front 102

What is the Greater vestibular glands and its' functions?

Back 102

– Pea-size glands flanking the vagina
– Homologous to the bulbourethral glands
– Keep the vestibule moist and lubricated

Front 103

What is the Clitoris (homologous to the penis) and its' function?

Back 103

– Erectile tissue hooded by the prepuce
– The exposed portion is called the glans

Front 104

What are mammary glands?

Back 104

Modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes that radiate around and open at the nipple

Front 105

What is the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple?

Back 105

Areola

Front 106

Lobes contain glandular alveoli produce what in lactating women?

Back 106

milk

Front 107

Compound alveolar glands pass milk to _____ ducts, which open to the outside

Back 107

lactiferous

Front 108

What is Oogenesis?

Back 108

Production of female sex cells by meiosis

Front 109

In the fetal period, oogonia multiply by _____ and store nutrients.

Back 109

mitosis
2n

Front 110

What appear as oogonia are transformed into primary oocytes?

Back 110

Primordial follicles

Front 111

Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in what phase?

Back 111

prophase I

Front 112

At puberty, one activated primary oocyte produces two _____ cells

Back 112

haploid
–The first polar body
–The secondary oocyte

Front 113

The secondary oocyte arrests in _____ phase and is ovulated.

Back 113

metaphase II

Front 114

If penetrated by sperm the second oocyte completes What phase and yielding what?

Back 114

meiosis II
–One large ovum (the functional gamete)
–A tiny second polar body

Front 115

What is a Ovarian Cycle?

Back 115

Monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg

Front 116

What is the Follicular phase?

Back 116

period of follicle growth (days 1–14)

Front 117

What is the Luteal phase?

Back 117

period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)

Front 118

When does Ovulation occurs?

Back 118

midcycle

Front 119

What is the Follicular Phase?

Back 119

The primordial follicle, directed by the oocyte, becomes a primary follicle

Front 120

Primary follicle becomes a _____ follicle and forms?

Back 120

secondary follicle
–The zona pellucida forms around the oocyte
–The antrum is formed

Front 121

The secondary follicle becomes a _____ (Graafian) follicle

Back 121

vesicular

Front 122

The antrum expands and isolates the?

Back 122

oocyte

Front 123

The full size follicle (vesicular follicle) bulges from the external surface of what?

Back 123

Ovary

Front 124

The primary oocyte completes _____, and the stage is set for ovulation.

Back 124

meiosis I

Front 125

When and how does ovulation occurs?

Back 125

Ovulation occurs when the ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte

Front 126

What is a twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation

Back 126

Mittelschmerz

Front 127

• 1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which if fertilized, results in What?

Back 127

fraternal twins

Front 128

What happens durring luteal phase?

Back 128

• After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses, granulosa cells enlarge, and along with internal thecal cells, form the corpus luteum

Front 129

The corpus luteum secretes what two hormones?

Back 129

progesterone and estrogen

Front 130

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates in _____ days, leaving a scar called?

Back 130

(corpus albicans)

Front 131

If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteum produces hormones until the _____ takes over that role at about _____ months)

Back 131

placenta and 3 months

Front 132

What are FSH and LH released by and what do they act on?

Back 132

pituitary and the ovaries.

Front 133

Day 1 – GnRH stimulates the release of what two hormones?

Back 133

FSH and LH

Front 134

During the ovarian cycle, FSH and LH stimulate what?

Back 134

follicle growth and maturation, and low-level estrogen release

Front 135

Rising estrogen levels inhibits the release of what hormones?

Back 135

FSH and LH

Front 136

Estrogen levels increase and high estrogen levels have a _____ feedback effect on the pituitary, causing a sudden surge of what hormones?

Back 136

positive feedback and surges of LH.

Front 137

LH spike stimulates the primary _____ to complete meiosis I.

Back 137

oocyte

Front 138

Decline of the ovarian hormones happens on what day?

Back 138

Days 26-28

Front 139

What happens on day Days 26-28?

Back 139

Ends the blockade of FSH and LH
The cycle starts anew

Front 140

What is a Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle?

Back 140

Series of cyclic changes that the endometrium goes through each month in response to ovarian hormones in the blood

Front 141

What doies Estrogen induce?

Back 141

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Front 142

What are the female Secondary Sex Characteristics

Back 142

Growth of the breasts
Increased deposition of subcutaneous fat, especially in the hips and breasts
Widening and lightening of the pelvis
Growth of axillary and pubic hair

Front 143

What are the female sexual response?

Back 143

The clitoris, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge with blood
Activity of vestibular glands lubricates the vestibule and facilitates entry of the penis

Front 144

What happens durring orgasm?

Back 144

accompanied by muscle tension, increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmical contractions of the uterus

Front 145

How doe sbacterial infection spreads?

Back 145

by contact with genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces

Front 146

Symptoms of gonorrea are?

Back 146

In males – painful urination, discharge of pus from the penis
In females – none (20%), abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding
Left untreated, can result in pelvic inflammatory disease
Treatment: antibiotics, but resistant strains are becoming more prevalent

Front 147

Is syphilis a virus or bacteria and what are the signs and symptoms?

Back 147

Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or contracted congenitally
Infected fetuses are stillborn or die shortly after birth
A painless chancre appears at the site of infection and disappears in a few weeks
Secondary syphilis shows signs of pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain
A latent period follows, which may progress to tertiary syphilis characterized by gummas (lesions of the CNS, blood vessels, bones, and skin)- can cause one to become “crazy”
Treatment: penicillin

Front 148

What is the most common STD?

Back 148

Chlamydia

Front 149

Chlamydia is responsable for how many % of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease?

Back 149

25-50

Front 150

What are the signs and treatment for Chlamydia?

Back 150

Symptoms include urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; and irregular menses
Can cause arthritis and urinary tract infections in men, and sterility in women
Treatment is with tetracycline

Front 151

What are the viral STD?

Back 151

Genital warts and herpes

Front 152

What are the signs of genital warts?

Back 152

caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV); infections increase the risk of penile, vaginal, anal, and cervical cancers

Front 153

What are the signs of genital herpes?

Back 153

caused by Epstein-Barr virus type 2 and characterized by latent periods and flare-ups

Front 154

What is menopause?

Back 154

When ovulation and menses cease entirely
Without sufficient estrogen, reproductive organs and breasts atrophy
Irritability and depression result
Skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation (hot flashes occur)
Gradual thinning of the skin and bone loss

Front 155

What is an a pregnancy?

Back 155

events that occur from fertilization until the infant is born

Front 156

What is a conceptus?

Back 156

the developing offspring

Front 157

When is the Gestation period?

Back 157

from the last menstrual period until birth

Front 158

What is Preembryo?

Back 158

conceptus from fertilization until it is two weeks old

Front 159

What is an Embryo?

Back 159

conceptus during the third through the eighth week

Front 160

What is a fetus?

Back 160

conceptus from the ninth week through birth

Front 161

How long is an Oocyte and sperm viable for?

Back 161

Oocyte is 12 to 24 hrs
Sperm 24 to 72 hrs

Front 162

For fertilization to occur, _____ must occur no more than?

Back 162

Three days before ovulation
24 hours after ovulation

Front 163

What is Fertilization?

Back 163

when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote

Front 164

What are the faith of ejaculated sperm?

Back 164

Leak out of the vagina
Destroyed by the acidic vaginal environment
Fail to make it through the cervix
Dispersed in the uterine cavity or destroyed by phagocytic leukocytes
Reach the uterine tubes

Front 165

What does sperm have to undergo 1st before penetrating an Oocyte?

Back 165

capacitation

Front 166

What is acrosomal reaction?

Back 166

The process of the acrosome digesting the zona pellucida

Front 167

during the acrosomal rxn, what binds to the Oocyte receptors?

Back 167

Beta protein

Front 168

What causes the sperm to insert into the Oocyte?

Back 168

alpha protein