A&p Iii Test Ii

Front 1

Filtration Slits

Back 1

The spaces in between the podocytes which surround the glomerular capillaries

Front 2

Tissue of PCT

Back 2

Simple cuboidal epithelium with large macrocytes

Front 3

Where are microvilli located in the renal system?

Back 3

The PCT

Front 4

Tissue of thin segment of the descending limb

Back 4

Simple squamous - permeable to water

Front 5

Tissue of the thick portion of the ascending limb

Back 5

Simple cuboidal or simple columnar which makes it thick

Front 6

Intercalated cells

Back 6

Located in the DCT. Cuboidal cells with microvilli which maintain the pH balance of the blood

Front 7

Principal cells

Back 7

Located in the DCT. Sparse short microvilli. Maintain the blood's water and Na balance

Front 8

Which nephron has a longer loop of Henle?

Back 8

The juxtamedullary nephron for concentrating urine. Has a longer thin section of the loop as well

Front 9

Two parts of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Back 9

Granular Cells - part of the DCT. Detect pressure and secrete renin.

Macula Densa - part of the afferent arteriole. Detects changes in NaCl in the filtrate

Front 10

Filtration Membrane of the Glomerular Capsule - 3 Layers

Back 10

1. The fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries

2. Visceral layer made up of podocytes

3. The basement membrane

Front 11

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) Equation

Back 11

NFP = HPg - OPg - HPc

Pressure in glomerulus - pressure inside Bowman's capsule - blood colloid pressure

Front 12

Myogenic mechanism

Back 12

Afferent arterioles constrict when BP increases

Front 13

Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Back 13

The macula densa causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole when NaCl concentration is high.

Front 14

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Back 14

Primary derives its energy from ATP. Secondary derives its energy from the Na pump concentration gradient.

Front 15

What substances are secreted into the renal tubule?

Back 15

H, K, NH4, creatinine, urea and uric acid

Front 16

Trigone

Back 16

The triangular area connected by the ureter openings and the urethral opening

Front 17

Smooth muscle surrounding the bladder

Back 17

Detrussor muscle

Front 18

Epithelium of the bladder and ureters

Back 18

Transitional

Front 19

What muscle controls the external urethral sphincter?

Back 19

The urogenital diaphragm

Front 20

Name the 3 sections of the male urethra

Back 20

The prostatic urethra, the membranous urethra, and the spongy urethra

Front 21

What is the layer of fat called that protects the kidneys?

Back 21

Perirenal fat capsule

Front 22

Symporter Definition

Back 22

Binds Na to other ions and pumps then into the cuboidal cells of the PCT

Front 23

Antiporter Definition

Back 23

Pumps Na from tubular fluid into cells of PCT while simultaneously pumping out H+ in order to remove acid from the body in urine

Front 24

Sodium Glucose Transporter (SGLTs)

Back 24

When a symporter binds Na and Glucose

Front 25

3 Mechanisms of H2O & solute reuptake

Back 25

1. High tissue fluid pressure forces solution in to capillaries

2. Low pressure of peritubular capillaries encouraged reabsorption of tissue fluid

3. High colloid osmotic pressure draws in water and solutes

Front 26

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) 5 Steps

Back 26

1. Renin is released by JG cells in response to low solute concentration in afferent arteriole

2. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensinogen I

3. Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by ACE found in the lungs

4. Angiotensin II stimulates a series of reactions to increase BP including stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce Aldosterone

5. Aldosterone promotes Na reabsorption in the DCT and collecting tubule

Front 27

Reactions of Angiotensin II

Back 27

1. Stimulates the pituitary gland to release ADH

2. Systemic vasoconstriction

3. Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole

4. Increased thirst

5. Release of Aldosterone

6. Reabsorption of H2O in the collecting duct

Front 28

Counter current multiplier

Back 28

Means of concentrating solutes in the renal medulla

1. PCT kicks out Na

2. Water follows in the descending limb

3. Tubular fluid becomes concentrated at the base of the renal loop

4. Ascending loop pumps out Na

Front 29

Vasa Recta

Back 29

Network of vessels supplying the medulla surrounding the loop of Henle. Responsible for reabsorbing water and solutes

Front 30

Ureas path in the loop of Henle

Back 30

Goes in the descending limb and out the collecting duct

Front 31

ANP

Back 31

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Hormone. Secreted in response to high BP. Causes excretion of water and salts by

1. Dilating afferent and constricting efferent arterioles.

2. Stops renin and Aldosterone

3. Inhibits ADH

4. Inhibits salt reabsorption in the collecting duct

Front 32

Location of kidneys

Back 32

Retroperitoneal

Front 33

Location of bladder

Back 33

Anteperitoneal

Front 34

How many membranes do reabsorbed filtrate solutes go through?

Back 34

3 membranes plus interstitial fluid

1. Apical (lumen) side of tubule cells

2. Basal (capillary) side of tubule cells

3. Capillary endothelium

Front 35

Local control of GFR/BP

Back 35

Changes in size of afferent/efferent arterioles

Front 36

Systemic control to slow diuresis

Back 36

Antidiuretic Hormone produced in the hypothalamus and acts by creating aquaporins in the collecting duct

Front 37

Principal Cells

Back 37

Respond to hormones (ADH, Aldosterone) by reabsorbing Na and secreting K

Front 38

Intercalated Cells

Back 38

Manage and maintain pH

Front 39

Intercalated Cells

Back 39

Manage and maintain pH by reabsorbing K and bicarb and secreting H+

Front 40

Bladder folds are called...

Back 40

Ruggae

Front 41

3 Layers of the bladder

Back 41

1. Transitional Epithelial mucosa

2. Muscular layer - Detrussor muscle

3. Thick adventitia (outer and inner longitudinal muscle and middle circular)

Front 42

Purpose of lamina propria

Back 42

To carry blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.

Front 43

Length of female urethra

Back 43

3-4 cm

Front 44

Length of male urethra

Back 44

20 cm

Front 45

Why do ureters enter the bladder at an angle?

Back 45

It makes for proper shutting and prevents back flow

Front 46

Nitrogenous wastes

Back 46

Urea, uric acid and creatinine

Front 47

Azotemia

Back 47

An increase in Blood Urea Nitrogen BUN

Front 48

Histology of nephron

Back 48

Simple cuboidal except descending loop of Henle which is simple squamous. PCT contains microvilli

Front 49

What prevents filtration of blood cells?

Back 49

Endothelial fenestrations of the glomerulus

Front 50

What prevents filtration of large proteins?

Back 50

The basal lamina of the glomerulus

Front 51

What prevents filtration of medium sized proteins?

Back 51

Slit membranes of pedicels of podocytes

Front 52

What do the kidneys do in case if extreme exercise or hemorrhage?

Back 52

Reduce GFR by vasoconstricting the afferent arteriole

Front 53

Pinocytosis

Back 53

Small proteins following water reabsorption

Front 54

When is water reabsorbed on the collecting duct?

Back 54

When ADH stimulates the creation of aquaporins

Front 55

What is the exchange involving H+ antiporters?

Back 55

Na is reabsorbed and H+ is released.

Bicarbonate is also reabsorbed into the blood with each H+ released

Front 56

Thick loop of Henle

Back 56

Has symporters that remove Na, K and Cl

Front 57

Final Na and Cl absorption into tubular fluid

Back 57

Occurs in the DCT by means of symporters

Front 58

Parathyroid hormone affect in kidneys

Back 58

Causes reabsorption of Ca and decreased reabsorption of PO4 in the DCT

Front 59

What compounds help buffer urine?

Back 59

Bicarbonate and ammonia

Front 60

What compound plays a major role in the high osmolarity of the medulla?

Back 60

Urea. It accounts for 40% of it

Front 61

Diuretics

Back 61

Caffeine - inhibits Na reabsorption

Alcohol - inhibits ADH secretion

Diuretic medications

Front 62

Diabetes with glycosuria but without hyperglycemia

Back 62

Renal diabetes

Front 63

Diabetes with hyperglycemia and glycosuria

Back 63

Diabetes Type I and II

Front 64

Diabetes without hyperglycemia or glycosuria

Back 64

Diapetes insipidus

Front 65

Enuresis

Back 65

Lack of voluntary control over micturition

Front 66

Stress incontinence

Back 66

Peeing a little caused from coughing, sneezing, laughing, etc.

Front 67

Urge incontinence

Back 67

Causes by contractions of the bladder resulting in leakage of large volumes of urine

Front 68

Percent of fluid in ICF

Back 68

65%

Front 69

Percent of fluid in EFC

Back 69

35%

Front 70

Hypovolemia

Back 70

A decrease in total body water. Normal osmolarity

Front 71

Dehydration

Back 71

A decrease in total body water with rising osmolarity

Front 72

Hypervolemia

Back 72

Volume excess. Isotonic

Front 73

Hypotonic hydration

Back 73

Diluted body fluids lead to cellular swelling

Front 74

Extracellular fluid contains

Back 74

Na and Cl

Front 75

Intracellular fluid contains

Back 75

Potassium and phosphates and protein anions

Front 76

Estrogen's effect on kidneys

Back 76

Causes water retention in pregnancy

Front 77

Progesterone effect on kidneys

Back 77

Has a diuretic effect

Front 78

Most abundant cation of the intracellular fluid

Back 78

Potassium

Front 79

Most dangerous electrolyte imbalance

Back 79

Acute hyperkalemia

Front 80

Acute Hyperkalemia

Back 80

Levels rise quickly as in crush injury. Potassium levels in ECF cause abnormal muscle excitability (depolarization). Elevated resting membrane potential

Front 81

Chronic Hypokalemia

Back 81

Inactivates sodium channels making nerves and muscles less excitable. Lowers RMP

Front 82

Hypokalemia

Back 82

Nerve and muscle cells become less excitable. Lowers RMP

Front 83

Most abundant anion in the EFC

Back 83

Chloride

Front 84

Purpose of Chloride

Back 84

Forms HCl in stomach

CO2 loading and unloading in RBCs

pH regulator

Front 85

Purpose of Calcium

Back 85

Skeletal mineralization

Muscle contraction

Second messenger

Exocytosis

Blood clotting

Front 86

Calcium forms of homeostasis

Back 86

PTH

Calcitriol (vitamin D)

Calcitonin (in children)

Front 87

Causes of Hypercalcemia

Back 87

Acidosis

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Front 88

Causes of Hypocalcemia

Back 88

Low vitamin D

Diarrhea

Pregnancy

Alkalosis

Lactation

Hypoparathyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Front 89

Functions of phosphates

Back 89

Transferring energy from ATP

Buffering pH

Front 90

How does the body adapt to high levels of phosphates?

Back 90

Parathyroid hormone increases phosphates excretion

Front 91

Where are there high levels of bicarb?

Back 91

Systemic capillaries

Front 92

Where are there low levels of bicarbonate?

Back 92

Pulmonary capillaries where CO2 is exhaled

Front 93

Function of magnesium

Back 93

Cofactor for enzymes, heart, muscle and nerve function

Front 94

3 pH regulating Mechanisms

Back 94

Buffer system

Exhalation of CO2

Kidney excretion of H+

Front 95

3 Buffer Systems

Back 95

Proteins

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate

Phosphate

Front 96

Amino acids contain a carboxyl group and an amino group. What does this have to do with buffering?

Back 96

A carboxyl (COOH) group acts as a weak acid and releases H+

An amino group acts like a weak bases and accepts H+

Front 97

How does Hemoglobin buffer blood pH?

Back 97

By picking up CO2 or H+

Front 98

Bicarbonate as a buffer

Back 98

Acts as a weak bases

Front 99

Carbonic acid as a buffer

Back 99

Acts as a weak acid

Front 100

Monohydrogen phosphates as a buffer

Back 100

Acts as a weak base

Front 101

Dihydrogen phosphates

Back 101

Acts as a weak acid

Front 102

Which is more effective, respiratory control of pH or chemical buffers?

Back 102

Respiratory control

Front 103

Acidosis causes...

Back 103

Depression of the CNS and hyperkalemia

Front 104

Alkalosis causes

Back 104

Excitability of nerves and muscles causing layrngospasm and tetany. As well as hypokalemia

Front 105

Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis definition

Back 105

High or low bicarbonate levels in the blood

Front 106

How do you diagnose an acid base imbalance?

Back 106

An ABG arterial blood gas. Tests systemic pH by bicarbonate levels (metabolic) and the partial pressure of CO2 (respiratory)

Front 107

Purpose of renal fascia

Back 107

Stabilizes kidneys against the body wall

Front 108

Purpose of renal capsule

Back 108

To maintain the shape of the kidneys

Front 109

Ratio of papillae to calyces

Back 109

1:1

Front 110

How much blood do the kidneys receive at resting cardiac output?

Back 110

25%

Front 111

Corpuscle definition

Back 111

Glomerulus + Bowman's capsule

Front 112

Three steps in the formation of urine

Back 112

1. Glomerular filtration

2. Tubular Reabsorption (PCT)

3. Tubular Secretions (DCT)

Front 113

What is the difference between type I and type II aquaporins?

Back 113

Type I are always in the membrane. Type II are created in the DCT with the release of ADH

Front 114

3 things that cause renal failure

Back 114

1. Low BP

2. Blockage

3. Kidney infection or trauma

Front 115

How do intercalated cells get rid of Na?

Back 115

They contain proton pumps

Front 116

Definition of Diabetes

Back 116

Chronic polyuria of metabolic origin

Front 117

Functions of electrolytes

Back 117

Osmosis control

pH balance

Carries electric current

Cofactors for enzymes

Front 118

Most important cation for maintaining concentration gradient

Back 118

Sodium

Front 119

Most important cation for establishing membrane potentials

Back 119

Potassium

Front 120

What is the main regulator of blood plasma?

Back 120

Kidneys

Front 121

Where is bicarb produced?

Back 121

The PCT

Front 122

Compensated Metabolic Acidosis

Back 122

Normal pH but low bicarbonate

Front 123

Uncompensated Metabolic Acidosis

Back 123

Low pH and low bicarbonate

Front 124

Compensated Respiratory Acidosis

Back 124

Normal pH but high CO2

Front 125

Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis

Back 125

Low pH and high CO2

Front 126

Beta Oxidation

Back 126

The conversion of a fatty acid to Acetyl CoA

Front 127

Ketogenesis

Back 127

The conversion of Acetyl to ketone bodies in the liver

Front 128

Lipogenesis of amino acids

Back 128

Converted to Acetyl CoA and then triglycerides

Front 129

Lipogenesis of glucose

Back 129

Goes from Glucose to glycerol to triglycerides

Front 130

Deamination

Back 130

Removal of NH2 from a protein. The remaining portion is used for fuel

Front 131

Transamination

Back 131

The opposite of deamination. The addition of NH2 to a ketone body to be used as an amino acid

Front 132

8 Essential Amino Acids

Back 132

Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.

Front 133

What is the main dietary source of Nitrogen?

Back 133

Proteins

Front 134

When can a positive Nitrogen balance occur?

Back 134

In growing children or adults doing weight bearing exercises

Front 135

What causes a negative Nitrogen balance?

Back 135

Stress (production of prednisone and cortisol)

Bed ridden

Starving

Atrophy

Front 136

Phenylketonuria

Back 136

Produces an ineffective enzyme that normally converts phenylalanine to Tyrosine

Front 137

Glucagon

Back 137

A hormone that breaks down glycogen for nutrients and energy

Front 138

Which pancreatic cells release insulin?

Back 138

Beta cells

Front 139

Which pancreatic cells release glucagon?

Back 139

Alpha cells

Front 140

What requires Glucose to survive?

Back 140

The brain (but can adapt if necessary) and RBCs which cannot adapt