A&p Ii - Lecture - Week Of 1/4

Front 1

Digestion Tract –

Back 1

Also “alimentary tract” and “gastrointestinal tract”

Front 2

Tract –

Back 2

Non-sterile mucus membrane. Sometimes considered the “outside” of the body.

Front 3

Peristalsis –

Back 3

Moving water through tract with smooth muscle

Front 4

Segmentation –

Back 4

Mixing

Front 5

Bolus –

Back 5

Balls of food for swallowing

Front 6

Chyme –

Back 6

Completely uniformly mixed food

Front 7

Hepatocyte –

Back 7

liver cell

Front 8

Pharynx –

Back 8

Back of throat, shared opening

Front 9

Epiglottis –

Back 9

Elastic cartilage. Swallowing muscles cause the epiglottis to close. Very sensitive nerve endings around epiglottis cause tearing, coughing, vomiting.

Front 10

Sphincter –

Back 10

Circular muscle

Front 11

Lower Esophageal Sphincter –

Back 11

(“cardiac sphincter”). Controls esophagus -> stomach opening

Front 12

Pyloric sphincter –

Back 12

Controls stomach -> small intestine

Front 13

Mucosae –

Back 13

Secretory and absorptive layer. Innermost. Composed of: Muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, and simple columnar epithelial tissue.

Front 14

Muscularis mucosa –

Back 14

Controls folds in the small intestines’ epithelial tissue.

Front 15

Lamina Propria –

Back 15

Areolar connective tissue. Supports epithelial tissues. Has lots of while blood cells.

Front 16

Muscularis Externa –

Back 16

Layer composed of at least two muscle layers. Smooth muscle that runs both longitudinally and circularly

Front 17

Submucosa –

Back 17

Dense connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves. Make mucus.

Front 18

Mesentery –

Back 18

Folds in the peritoneum that attach to the small intestine and part of the large intestine on the posterior abdominal wall. Contains blood and lymph nodes

Front 19

Lesser Omentum –

Back 19

Connects the liver and the stomach.

Front 20

Greater Omentum –

Back 20

Hangs from the stomach over the intestines like an apron.

Front 21

Hepatic Portal System –

Back 21

Blood leaving stomach and intestines first pass through liver via this

Front 22

Mastication –

Back 22

Teeth chewing

Front 23

Rugae –

Back 23

Folds in the stomach before it stretches

Front 24

3 sections of the small intestines –

Back 24

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Front 25

Plicae –

Back 25

Larges folds of the small intestine that contain villi, which contains microvilli.

Front 26

Bile –

Back 26

Emulsifies fat [mechanical]. Contains bile salts. Stored in the gall bladder.

Front 27

Hepatocytes –

Back 27

Liver cells. Produces bile, stores glycogen, stories vitamins, removes NH3.

Front 28

Ileocecal valve –

Back 28

leads into the cecum

Front 29

Digestion Process:

Back 29

1) Ingestion// 2) Propulsion// 3) Mechanical Digestion// 4) Chemical Digestion//

Front 30

The 4 Layers of the GI Tract

Back 30

1) Serosa (visceral peritoneum)// 2) Muscularis Externa (smooth muscle)// 3) Submucosa// 4) Mucosae

Front 31

Location: Mouth

Back 31

Function: Ingestion.

Front 32

Location: Mouth

Back 32

Function: Teeth chew [mechanical digestion].

Front 33

Location: Mouth

Back 33

Function: Saliva (forms bolus, includes amylase [chemical], includes lysozyme [damages bacteria cell walls]. Result of parasympathetic fibers from facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

Front 34

Location: Mouth

Back 34

Function: Three directions of muscles churn food into chyme [Mechanical]

Front 35

Location: Stomach

Back 35

Function: Primary functions of the stomach is mechanical digestion. Primary site of mechanical digestion is stomach

Front 36

Location: Stomach

Back 36

Function: Hydrochloric acid: Kills most bacteria, chops pepsinogen into pepsin

Front 37

Location: Stomach

Back 37

Function: Pepsin breaks down protein [chemical]

Front 38

Location: Stomach

Back 38

Function: Leaves with a pH of 2

Front 39

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 39

Function: About 12 fingers long

Front 40

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 40

Function:

Front 41

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 41

Function:

Front 42

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 42

Function:

Front 43

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 43

Function: Curved

Front 44

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 44

Function: Where most chemical digestion occurs [chemical].

Front 45

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 45

Function: Require a pH of 8: results in fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids.

Front 46

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 46

Function: Pancreas delivers bicarbonate to the duodenum which neutralizes the chyme so the enzymes can work

Front 47

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 47

Function: Liver produces bile to emulsify fat [mechanical]

Front 48

Location: Small intestine – Duodenum

Back 48

Function: Absorption of most of the nutrients

Front 49

Location: Small intestine - Jejunum and Ileum

Back 49

Absorption continues

Front 50

Location: Small intestine - Jejunum and Ileum

Back 50

Microvilli increase the surface area. Each villus has many microvcillus (simple columnar)

Front 51

Location: Small intestine - Jejunum and Ileum

Back 51

Nutrients pass through or between simple columnar cells, inter the bloodstream for detox and modification (fatty acids ->cholesterol).

Front 52

Location: Small intestine - Jejunum and Ileum

Back 52

Hepatic portal vein brings absorptions to liver, then it goes out hepatic vein and to the vena cava.

Front 53

Location: Small intestine - Jejunum and Ileum

Back 53

Peristalsis moves chyme along

Front 54

Location: Small intestine - Jejunum and Ileum

Back 54

Segmentation continues mixing and ensuring absorption

Front 55

Location: Small intestine - Jejunum and Ileum

Back 55

Ileocecal valve is a sphincter connecting small intestine with large intestine

Front 56

Location: Large intestines – Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

Back 56

Function: Primary job: absorb water.

Front 57

Location: Large intestines – Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

Back 57

Function: Over 700 species of bacteria normally live here

Front 58

Name the types of Aircraft used by the Seabees.

Back 58

C-130 Hercules- ACL 25k lbs
C-141 Starlifter- ACL 50k lbs
C-17 Globemaster- ACL 90k lbs-NOT USED
C-5 Galaxy - ACL 150k lbs

Front 59

Amylase breaks starch into...

Back 59

simple sugars

Front 60

Stomach has ...

Back 60

circular muscles, longitudinal muscles, and oblique muscles

Front 61

Parietal cells in the stomach (in the crevices of the stomach) produce...

Back 61

HCL.

Front 62

Goblet cells –

Back 62

make mucous to protect form HCL.

Front 63

The spleen is a reservoir for _________ and part of the immune system

Back 63

blood

Front 64

-ogen

Back 64

– inactive

Front 65

____ cells make mucus in the gastric pit

Back 65

goblet

Front 66

_____ cells make pepsinogen in the gastric pit

Back 66

chief

Front 67

_____ cells make HCL gastric pit

Back 67

parietal

Front 68

Pancreas delivers enzymes into the duodenum:

Back 68

Lipase, amylase, tryposin

Front 69

Lipase: Lipids ->

Back 69

fatty acids

Front 70

Amylase: Carbohydrates ->

Back 70

glucose

Front 71

Tryposin (proteases): proteins ->

Back 71

amino acids

Front 72

Anything absorbed from stomach and intestines goes to ______ where it is ______

Back 72

liver…detoxed

Front 73

Bile is stored and concentrated in the

Back 73

gall bladder

Front 74

Large intestines is: _________, ascending colon, _________ descending colon _________, and rectum

Back 74

cecum…transverse colon…sigmoid colon

Front 75

Three sets of salivary glands:

Back 75

Paratoid, sublingual, and sumandibal.

Front 76

Salivary glands: Controlled parasympatheticly by _________ nerve.

Back 76

Facial

Front 77

_________ trunk branches off aorta

Back 77

celiac

Front 78

_________/_________ arteries supply the small and larges intestines

Back 78

Superior…inferior

Front 79

________ chemically digests protein

Back 79

pepsin

Front 80

HCL cleaves ________ into pepsin

Back 80

pepsinogen

Front 81

Superior __________ artery brings blood. Leaving blood goes out via _________ portal vein

Back 81

mesenteric…hepatic

Front 82

Frenulum –

Back 82

Anchors tongue to bottom of mouth. Can be snipped of it’s too short

Front 83

Palate –

Back 83

Roof of the mouth.

Front 84

Palate, Hard –

Back 84

Oalatine and maxillary

Front 85

Palate, Soft –

Back 85

Muscles and connective tissues at the back of the throat

Front 86

Teeth –

Back 86

2 baby teeth, then 32 adult teeth. Incisors, then canines (has the thickest enamel), premolars, molars, wisdom teeth. Served by the trigeminal (V)

Front 87

Red blood cells –

Back 87

Heavier, makes up ~45% of a blood sample

Front 88

White blood cells:

Back 88

<1%. Buffy coat. WBC and platelets

Front 89

Plasma –

Back 89

Mostly water. Includes clotting factors, albumin (for maintaining blood pressure) hormones, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids). ~55%
H

Front 90

Hematocrit –

Back 90

portion of blood that is occupied by cells

Front 91

A

Back 91

Has flags on it called “A", Anti-B

Front 92

B

Back 92

Has flags on it called “B", Anti-A

Front 93

AB

Back 93

Has both A and B flags, neither (universal recipitant)

Front 94

O

Back 94

Has no flags, Anti-A, anti-B (universal donor)

Front 95

Rh Factor is a third irritating ______

Back 95

antigen

Front 96

Rh presence means the person is....

Back 96

positive

Front 97

No Rh means the person is...

Back 97

negative (however, antibodies to Rh are not normally present unless there's sensitization)

Front 98

Leukocytes –

Back 98

“White Blood cells”. Fights infection and cancer. Can follow chemical trail given off by pathogens or damaged cells.

Front 99

Phagocytes –

Back 99

When a white blood cell becomes a cell eater

Front 100

Diapedesis –

Back 100

when white blood cells become like amoebas. Puts out pseudo pods and squeezes between endothelial cells to move into tissue.

Front 101

Endothelial Cells –

Back 101

Simple squamous epithelial cells lining capillaries

Front 102

Anitgens –

Back 102

Potential irritants. Can cause an immune response

Front 103

Erythrocytes –

Back 103

red blood cells

Front 104

Anemic –

Back 104

Too few red blood cells. Less than ~35%

Front 105

Rugae –

Back 105

Smooth muscle in the stomach that allows expansion

Front 106

Three directions of smooth muscle in the stomach:

Back 106

longitudinal, oblique, and circular

Front 107

Fundus –

Back 107

Top of the stomach

Front 108

Gastrin –

Back 108

Another hormonal product of the stomach

Front 109

Rennin cells –

Back 109

Makes rennin enzyme to digest breast milk in infants

Front 110

Intrinsic Factor –

Back 110

Required for b12 absorption (b12 is required for RBC production)

Front 111

Pernicious anemia -

Back 111

Anemia caused by a deficit in B12