A&p Ii - Lecture - Week Of 1/24

Front 1

Target organ –

Back 1

“Affector organ”, the organ with receptor sites for the specific hormone

Front 2

Thyroid is right below ____

Back 2

larynx

Front 3

Gigantism –

Back 3

Too much growth hormone, results in a huge person

Front 4

Acromegaly –

Back 4

Too much growth hormone, results in huge jaw, hands, and feet

Front 5

Dwarfism –

Back 5

Too little growth hormone

Front 6

Posterior pituitary gland –

Back 6

Stores ADH, and oxytocin

Front 7

Anterior pituitary gland –

Back 7

Communicates with the hypothalamus through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Front 8

- Antidiuretic hormone (P)

Back 8

– Targets kidneys – Cause water retention – deficiency: diabetes insepidis

Front 9

Oxytocin (P) –

Back 9

Targets reproductive organs – Stimulates milk letdown, labor contraction, and orgasm

Front 10

- Growth hormone (A) –

Back 10

Targets bones and muscles – Causes cell growth, repair – Excess: gigantism, acromegaly, and dwarfism.

Front 11

- Prolactin (A) –

Back 11

Targets mammary glands – produces milk

Front 12

- Follicle stimulating hormone (PSH) (A) –

Back 12

Targets testes and ovaries – Prompts release of testosterone, progesterone, and testosterone. Regulates ovarian and uterine cycle. Secondary sex characteristics

Front 13

- Luteinizing Hormone - l

Back 13

Targets testes and ovaries – Prompts release of testosterone, progesterone, and testosterone. Regulates ovarian and uterine cycle. Secondary sex characteristics

Front 14

- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)(A)

Back 14

– Targets thyroid – Prompts release of Thyroxin and increases rate of cell activity

Front 15

- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (A) –

Back 15

Targets adrenal cortex. Prompts release of aldosterone, cortisol, and testosterone. Raises blood sugar and pressure.

Front 16

- Melanocyte stimulating hormone (A) –

Back 16

Targets melanin – stimulates production of melanin

Front 17

Pituitary gland releases TSH which targets the thyroid gland ->Pituitary gland produces..

Back 17

thyroxin (T3 or T4). Iodine required

Front 18

Goiter –

Back 18

Enlarged thyroid. Caused by a deficiency of iodine. Thyroid makes lots of thyroglobulin but cannot make active T3 or T4.

Front 19

Four primary effects of thyroxin:

Back 19

1) Increases basal metabolic rate of all body cells (ups cellular use of O2 to make ATP). 2) Increases heart rate and blood pressure. 3) Increased erythropoiesis. 4) Enhances the affect of growth hormone.

Front 20

Thyroxin deficiet disorders –

Back 20

Hypothyroid, myxedema (adult), and cretinism (infant)

Front 21

Thyroxin excess disorder –

Back 21

Graves disease hyperthyroid

Front 22

Thyroid is very red because it is ________

Back 22

highly vascular

Front 23

_________ compose the thyroid gland

Back 23

thyroid follicles

Front 24

The follicle lumen in the thyroid gland is filled with viscous _______

Back 24

colloid

Front 25

Parafollicular cells secrete ________ which is involved in regulating calcium

Back 25

calcitonin

Front 26

The two types of thyroid hormone:

Back 26

T3 and T4 (thyroxin)

Front 27

Thyroid hormone is maintained by ________-________ hormone from the pituitary

Back 27

thyroid stimulating

Front 28

Thyroglobulin –

Back 28

Made of tyrosin amino acids and later iodine

Front 29

________ enters the lumen and is converted into iodine

Back 29

iodide

Front 30

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Back 30

Cold (basal metabolic rate)
Lethargic
Overweight
Pale
Low blood pressure
Low HR

Front 31

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Back 31

Hot
Restless
Thin
Flushed
High blood pressure
High HR

Front 32

Cholesterol is base, modified by adrenal cortex to make

Back 32

steroid hormones

Front 33

Band cell –

Back 33

immature neutrophil may be a sign of infection.

Front 34

Cortex –

Back 34

Outer portion of adrenal gland

Front 35

Medulla –

Back 35

inner portion of adrenal gland

Front 36

Cushings syndrome –

Back 36

Too much ACTH. Symptoms include hyperglycemia (too much cortisol), buffalo hump (redistribution of fat), moon shaped face, and high blood pressure

Front 37

Addison’s disease –

Back 37

Too little ACTH. JFK had this. Symptoms include low bp (not enough aldosterone), hypoglycemia (not enough cortisol), difficulty dealing with stress, and tan-ness.

Front 38

Adrenal Cortex produces –

Back 38

aldosterone, cortisol, and androgen

Front 39

Aldosterone –

Back 39

Targets kidneys – causes kidneys to retain salt, regulates sodium and potassium – Increases blood pressure

Front 40

Cortisol –

Back 40

Targets most cells – ups blood sugar, fatty acids redistributed to waist, decreases inflammation

Front 41

Androgen –

Back 41

Aggression, build muscle

Front 42

Adrenal medulla –

Back 42

Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system. Makes epinephrine, norepinephrine.

Front 43

Corticosteriods –

Back 43

25 steroid hormones synthesized by the cortex.

Front 44

Mineralocorticords –

Back 44

a group of hormones produced by the zona glomerulosa (adrenal) that regulates electrolyte concentration.

Front 45

Glucocorticoids –

Back 45

Adrenal hormones that stimulate metabolism of lipids and proteins, helps regulate glucose, and decreases inflammation. The two most common glucocorticoids are cortisol and corticosterone

Front 46

Adrenal sex hormones –

Back 46

androgens and estrogen

Front 47

Number of parathyroid glands –

Back 47

Normally 4, sometimes 2-6 though.

Front 48

Low blood _________ levels stimulates the release of parathyroid hormones

Back 48

calcium

Front 49

PTH raises blood calcium levels through:

Back 49

stimulating bone decomposition, increases reabsorption of calcium from kidneys, increases absorption of calcium from small intestines

Front 50

Adrenal “stress” glands –

Back 50

Releases catecholamine and adrenaline (epinephrine), noperephrine. Enables fight or flight

Front 51

Pancreas –

Back 51

Releases acetone, cortisol, insulin (lowers blood sugar)

Front 52

Ovaries –

Back 52

Estrogen and progesterone

Front 53

Testes –

Back 53

Testosterone

Front 54

Parathyroid glands –

Back 54

Releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium by stimulating osteclasts to breakdown bones

Front 55

-one –

Back 55

Steroid hormone

Front 56

Erythrocytes produced..

Back 56

in the bone

Front 57

Hematopoietic stem cell –

Back 57

Can differentiate into red blood cells or any of the 5 types of wbcs, or platelets.

Front 58

Red blood cells -

Back 58

have a unique donut structure, making them extremely flexible.

Front 59

Sickle cell anemia –

Back 59

is caused by inflexible rbcs. Results in painful strokes when rbc get stuck in capillaries

Front 60

Diapedesis –

Back 60

A white blood cells ability to squeeze between endothelial cells

Front 61

Positive chemotaxis –

Back 61

A white blood cell’s ability to follow a trail of chemicals that are given off by pathogens and sick cells.

Front 62

Lacks a nucleus –

Back 62

Although it has one when it’s developing to make hemoglobin. RBCs contain 250 mill hb molecules. Hb binds to oxygen. Hb requires iron (heme group). Hb is red

Front 63

Albumin –

Back 63

Plasma protein in blood. Contributes to osmotic pressure

Front 64

Anemia –

Back 64

“no blood”

Front 65

Potential causes of anemia

Back 65

Iron deficiency, problem with Hb, fragile blood cells, decreased erythropoiesis, blood loss

Front 66

Erythropoiten –

Back 66

Thyroxin, testosterone, decreased blood volume, and decreased oxygen in blood stimulates kidney to release erythropoeitin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBCs

Front 67

Hemostasis – “Blood hold”. Blood clotting.

Back 67

1.Endothelial cells (simple squamus epithelial) are stimulates to “spasm”
- Minimizes blood loss
2. Platelet will become activated and sticky, forming a mass.
- Stops blood loss until an actual clot can form
3. Coagulation: Fibrin forms a net across the wound remains until the wound has healed. (3-6 mins for the whole thing)

Front 68

About 30 different enzymes involved in clotting. One activated after another (positive feedback). Last few steps:

Back 68

- Clotting factor X attracts prothrombin activator.
- Prothrombin activator changes prothrobin to thrombin
- Thrombin stimulates fibrinogen to became fibrin
Lysis of clot
- Heparin

Front 69

Neutrophils –

Back 69

Phagocytic, most common, granules kill pathogens with bleach and peroxide. Multiplobed nucleus

Front 70

Eosinophils –

Back 70

Only %2 of WBC. Granules can fight worms and some fungi, allergic response. Red granules.

Front 71

Basophils –

Back 71

Rarest (0-2%). Granules contain histamine and mediate inflammation and allergies. Purple staining granules.

Front 72

Lymphocytes –

Back 72

(20-40%) usually found in lymphoid tissue than circulating in the blood. T lymphocytes flag intruders, B lymphocytes make antibodies. Mediates immunity

Front 73

Monocyte –

Back 73

(4-8%) phagocytic, largest of WBCs. Once activated, become ravenous “machophages. Kupffer cells in liver, osteoclasts in bone, and alveolar macrophages in the lung.