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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 abnormal self-cells?
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Cancers
Autoimmune |
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Vibrio A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Bacteria
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Plasmodium A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Protozoa
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Herpes A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Virus
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Staph A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Bacteria
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Trypanosoma A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Protozoa
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Pinworm A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Parasites/Worms
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Clostridium A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Bacteria
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
H1N1 A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Virus
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
TB A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Bacteria
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Ebola A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Virus
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Wucheria A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Parasites/Worms
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Ascaris A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Parasites/Worms
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Hepatitis A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Virus
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Hydatid A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Parasites/Worms
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
HIV A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Virus
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Which pathogen category does this belong?
Hookworm A) Bacteria B) Virus C) Protozoa D) Parasites/Worms |
Parasites/Worms
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What is the category of the "prion"?
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Other
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Why can't you kill a virus?
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It is already dead to begin with.
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Which type of immunity is described here?
- Works against wide variety of pathogens - Does NOT improve with repeated exposure |
Non-specific (innate) immunity
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What is species resistance?
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Certain pathogens can only affect certain species
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Which type of immunity is described here?
- Works against specific pathogens - Can improve with repeated exposure |
Specific (adaptive) immunity
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What is a human's physical barriers for non-specific immunity? (3)
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Skin, mucus, sweat
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15% of all lymphocytes are what kind of cell?
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NK cells
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What phagocytes are used for non-specific immunity?
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Free/fixed macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes
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What cell is responsible for immunological surveillance?
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NK cells
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What is the function of interferons?
Does the interferon help itself or its neighbors? |
Block viral reproductions by releasing signal to warn other cells
It only helps its neighbors. |
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How does an NK cell destroy an abnormal cell?
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NK cell sends perforins that make a holes on the abnormal cell causing it to lyse.
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What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Heat
Redness Pain Swelling |
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What are pyrogens?
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Self or non-self chemicals that work to alter the hypothalamus and raise body temperature
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What happens when body temperature is too high?
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Proteins break apart
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What are the 3 chemical mediators released by mast cells?
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Histamine, heparin, and prostaglandin
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What is the shape of an antibody?
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Y-shaped
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antigen
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chemical (usually a protein) that is part of a cell membrane that can trigger an immune response
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antigen determinant
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specific part of an antigen that determines the shape of a molecule and triggers a response
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antibody
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self-chemical made by T-cells that can bind to specific antigens; aka immunoglobulins
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antigen-binding site
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specific part on an antibody that binds with an antigen; more than one per antibody
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Do antigens have the ability to kill pathogens?
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No
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What is the 5-step process of the antigen-antibody complex?
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Bind pathogen
Agglutination Activate C-cascade Trigger inflammation Mark Pathogen |
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immunocompetent
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mature lymphocyte is capable of being activated
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sensitized
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binds to their specific antigen
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What cells are used for antibody mediated immunity?
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B-cells
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What cells are used for cell mediated immunity?
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T-cells
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Where are B-cells created?
Where do they begin immunocompetency? |
Red bone marrow
Red bone marrow |
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How are B-cells activated?
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1) Sensitized
2) Activated fully when looked over by Helper T-cell |
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What happens to B-cells after activation is complete?
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Rapid mitosis into plasma B-cells and memory B-cells
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What do plasma B-cells do?
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Produce and release more antibodies
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What do memory B-cells do?
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Waits like the B-cells before it; inactive
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mature B-cell
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a lymphocyte with only 1 kind of antibody
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What are B-cells covered with?
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Antibodies
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What are T-cells covered with?
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Antigen receptors
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Where is the T-cell created?
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Red bone marrow
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Where does the T-cell begin immunocompetency?
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Thymus gland w/ help of thymosins
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What is the purpose of thymosins?
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Cause immunocompetency of T-cells
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How are T-cells activated?
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Must have antigen presentation via APC to be activated
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What does APC stand for?
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Antigen Presenting Cell
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What happens to T-cells after activation?
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Rapid mitosis into plasma T-cells and memory T-cells
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What do plasma T-cells release?
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Cytokines and lymphokines
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TRUE or FALSE
Every response after the 1st response is considered a secondary response. |
TRUE
Even if it's the 4th response, it's still considered a secondary response. |
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vaccination
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exposure to dead/non-functioning pathogens in order to trigger a primary response
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How do APCs display antigens?
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Using MHC molecules
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What does MHC stand for?
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Major Histoportability Complex
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What are the 2 types of MHC?
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Class I and Class II
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What are Class I MHC?
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Any nucleated cell, i.e. cancer cell or infected cell
"Kill I" |
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What are Class II MHC?
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Macrophages or sometimes B-cells
"Kill it" |
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What do T-cells need to be fully activated?
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Costimulation
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What is T-cell costimulation?
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Two bindings to the APC used as a double check
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What are the 3 types of T-cells?
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Helper T-cell
Cytotoxic T-cell Supressor T-cell |
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What is a Helper T-cell activated by?
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Macrophage or an APC using MHC II
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What happens to a Helper T-cell after activation?
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Mitosis into plasma T-H or Memory T-H cells
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What do the plasma T-H cells do?
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Release lymphokines that activate sensitized B-cells and stimulate other T-cells
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How is a cytotoxic T-cell activated?
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Infected cell or as APC using MHC I
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What happens after a cytotoxic T-cell is activated?
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Mitosis into plasma T-C cells and memory T-C cells
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What do plasma T-C cells release?
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Cytokines, like perforins and other toxic chemicals, that cause lysis, fragment of DNA, or call out to macrophages
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How is a suppressor T-cell activated?
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Unknown
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What happens after a suppressor T-cell is activated?
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Release lymphokines that slow or stop a specific immune reponse
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What are the two ways to activate the Complement System Cascade?
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Activate via Classical (specific), using antibodies
Activate via Alternative (non-specific), using C3 |
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In the C-cascade, what is the alternative route of activation?
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C3 activates itself
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In the C-cascade, what is the classical route of activation?
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C1 binds to an antibody
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hypersensitivity
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abnormal, overactive immune response
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allergy
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an immune response to a harmless pathogen
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allergen
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the "harmless" pathogen
i.e. pollen, pet hair, etc. |
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anaphylaxis
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sudden, systemic allergic reaction that can lead to inflammation, respiratory failure, and circulatory collapse
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autograft
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you to you tissue transfer
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isograft
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tissue transplant from someone who is genetically the same as you, i.e. twin, clone
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allograft
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transplanted tissue from another person, i.e. kidney transplant
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xenograft
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tissue transplant from another species
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What is a mast cell?
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Basophil stuck somewhere
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systemic lupus erythematosus
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condition that results from generalized breakdown in the antigen recognition mechanism; attacks DNA, ribosomes, etc.
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AIDS
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late stage HIV disease
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HIV
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disease in which the virus infects and kills Helper-T cells; hard to detect early on
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rheumatoid arthritis
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immune disorder that attacks the connective tissue at the joints
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multiple sclerosis
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immune disorder that attacks myelin sheaths of axons
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