Body Defence & Immunity : A&p Test 3

Front 1

List the body's 3 lines of defence against pathogens

Back 1

INNATE DEFENSE (Non specific)
- Surface barriers
- Internal defenses
SPECIFIC DEFENSE
- Adaptive defenses

Front 2

What is the surface barrier made up of?

Back 2

- skin
- mucous membranes

Front 3

What are the internal defenses made up of?

Back 3

- phagocytes
- NK Cells (natural killer cells)
- Inflammation
- Antimicrobial proteins (Interferons + Complement)
- Fever

Front 4

What is the Adaptive defenses made up of?

Back 4

B Cells = Humoral Immunity
T Cells = Cellular Immunity

Front 5

What is the normal skin acid ph?

Back 5

3 - 5

Front 6

What does the skin acid do?

Back 6

it inhibits bacterial growth

Front 7

what else is the immune system used for?

Back 7

internal screening, eg: detect cancer cells

Front 8

when does the immune system develop?

Back 8

we r born with our immune system

Front 9

Describe the role of the skin

Back 9

Protection
- keratin = makes us water proof
- strata = skin layers
- sebum (oil) = contains anti bacterial properties

Front 10

Describe the role of Mucous Membranes

Back 10

- saliva = lysosomes = anti bacterial "wash"
- stomach = hydrochloric acid (HCL)
- female pubic area produces lacto acid
- tears = contain lysosomes, wash eye's

Front 11

List one 1st line defense, and name the chemicals that assist defence

Back 11

Mucous / Acids

Front 12

Describe Phagocyte

Back 12

A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles,
e.g: Neurtophil's + Macrophage's

Front 13

Which cells release perforins? (perforins are a protein in "certain cells" that causes lysis of target cells on contact)

Back 13

NK cells + Cytotoxic T cells

Front 14

What type of cell's are:
NK cells / Cytotoxic T cells / B cells / helper T cells?

Back 14

Lymphocyte's

Front 15

name EFFECTOR cells or ADAPTIVE immunity

Back 15

cytotoxic T cells / helper T cells

Front 16

name antigen-presenting cell

Back 16

dendritic cells / B cells / macrophages

Front 17

name 3 ways in which COMPLEMENT assists with defending against a foreign invader

Back 17

- complete proteins
- makes holes in them
- lead to lysis (The disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane)

Front 18

How do Natural killer cells differ from other types of lymphocytes?

Back 18

they r independent fighters, they do not need the immune system

Front 19

what does APOPTOSIS mean?

Back 19

Cell suicide

Front 20

Discuss the ROLE of Phagocytes

Back 20

- find and "eat" enemy cells, they r not always successful
- to accomplish ingestion, ADHERENCE must occur

Front 21

Discuss the ROLE of NK cells?

Back 21

- "police" body in blood & Lymph
- can eliminate a variety of infected or cancerous cells

Front 22

Name 2 Antimicrobial proteins and discuss their ROLE

Back 22

INTERFERONS
- proteins released by virus infected cells & certain lymphocytes that protect uninfected tissue cells from viral take over; mobilize immune system
COMPLEMENT
- Lyses micro organisms, enhances phagocytosis by opsonization & intensifies inflammatory & immune responses.

Front 23

What is the ROLE of FEVER?

Back 23

An elevated body temperature plays a vital role on the generation of effective T- cell mediated immune response;
*
high body temperature inhibits microbial multiplication & enhances body repair processes.

Front 24

Explain the ROLE of NK cell's in INNATE defense

Back 24

Destroy any bacteria that should not be in the body - NOT SPECIFIC
- NK cells live in blood stream
- lymphocytes are NOT phagocytes
- induce apoptosis
- enhances inflammation
- work alone, don't need immune system

Front 25

What is adherence?

Back 25

Phagocytes need adherence to aid ingestion of the pathogen

Front 26

What is OPSONIZATION (make tasty)?

Back 26

proteins / anti bodies coat foreign particles providing "handles" to which the phagocyte receptors can bind

Front 27

what are DEFENSINS & which cells produce them?

Back 27

"BODIES OWN ANTIBIOTICS", they have an important role in defending the body against infection. They also "shout out" to other components of the immune system, "we have a problem here, lets try and sort it out"
Defensins are antimicrobial chemicals that pierce the pathogen's membrane, Neutrophils produce them.

Front 28

Explain the significance of phagocytes in 2nd LINE of defense

Back 28

Chief PHAGOCYTE's are macrophages, which derive from white blood cells
- adherence, phagocytes "handle"
- opsonization, "sticky protein that enables adherence
- defensins, bodies own antibiotics

Front 29

Describe the main signs, symptoms & stages of inflammation
VERY IMPORTANT

Back 29

- inflammatory response triggered whenever tissue injured
- it is a non-specific reaction
- several beneficial effects
* prevents spread of damaging agents
* disposes cell debris & pathogens
* initiates tissue repair (healing)

Front 30

what is a pathogen?

Back 30

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Front 31

List the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Back 31

- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function

Front 32

What causes the "heat" in relation to vasodilation?

Back 32

blood being slightly warmer than the body temp.

Front 33

What causes the "redness" in relation to vasodilation?

Back 33

more blood at the site

Front 34

what does tissue injury cause?

Back 34

release of chemical mediators ie: hestamine

Front 35

what happens when the temperature increases?

Back 35

the metabolism increases

Front 36

what is swelling caused by?

Back 36

leaking capillaries

Front 37

what increases permeability of capillaries

Back 37

chemical mediators;
ability of large molecules to pass out of the capillary lumen into surrounding tissue spaces; inflammation, allergy, poisoning, burns cause increased permeability;

Front 38

what causes pain?

Back 38

swelling pressing on already sensitive nerve endings

Front 39

Name the stages of vascular permeability

Back 39

- swelling
- chemical
- help dilute harmful substances
- proteins form scaffold for repair

Front 40

what does PERMEABILITY mean?

Back 40

The state of a membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it.

Front 41

what does LEUKOCYTOSIS mean?

Back 41

an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, esp. during an infection

Front 42

what does MARGINATION mean?

Back 42

accumulation & adhesion of leukocytes to the epithelial cells of blood vessels walls at the site of injury

Front 43

what does DIAPEDESIS mean?

Back 43

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

Front 44

what does CHEMOTAXIS mean?

Back 44

movement of a cell / organism in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing / decreasing concentration

Front 45

what is the FUNCTION of COMPLEMENT?

Back 45

amplifies inflammatory process

Front 46

What is another name for the INTERNAL DEFENSE of the body?

Back 46

The second line of defense

Front 47

Name 2 types of phagocytes?

Back 47

1) Macrophages 2) Neutrophils

Front 48

What do neutrophils do?

Back 48

Migrate from blood into Connective Tissue and become phagocytic when encounter infectious material in tissues

Front 49

What is the result of the action of neutrophils?

Back 49

Pus formation (dead neutrophils)

Front 50

What happens during Leukocytosis?

Back 50

Chemicals (leukocytosis-inducing factors) from injured cells promote the rapid release of neutrophils from red bone marrow

Front 51

What happens during margination?

Back 51

Released neutrophils adhere to BV walls near site of injury due to cell adehsion molecules (CAMs) formed by endothelial cells in damaged areas

Front 52

What happens during diapedesis?

Back 52

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells to enter interstitial space

Front 53

What happens with the chemotaxis?

Back 53

neutrophils are attracted to inflammatory chemicals at the site of the injury

Front 54

What are antimicrobial proteins?

Back 54

Short-term, nonspecific resistance enhancing innate defenses by attacking microorgansims directly

Front 55

What are the two types of antimicrobial proteins?

Back 55

1) interferons (INFs)
2) Complements

Front 56

What is another name for the ADAPTIVE (specific) defense?

Back 56

The third line of defense

Front 57

Name 3 CHARACTERISTICS of the third line of defense (adaptive defense)

Back 57

1) Antigen-specific
2) Systemic
3) Memory

Front 58

What does antigen specific mean?

Back 58

Acts against specific threatning agents that are not "self"

Front 59

What does SYSTEMIC mean in realtion to the third line of derfense?

Back 59

Immunity is not restricted to initial infection site

Front 60

What does memory mean in realtion to the third line of derfense ?

Back 60

Re-exsposure to the same pathogen results in a quick and stronger reaction

Front 61

Name the 2 TYPES of adaptive (specific) defenses / the third line of defense?

Back 61

1) Humoral Immunity
2) Cellular Immunity

Front 62

What is the humoral immunity?

Back 62

An antibody-mediated immunity, B CELL / found in lymph & blood

Front 63

What is the FUNCTION of the Humoral (antibody) immunity?

Back 63

Antobodies, produced by the B-lymphocytes bind to foreign invaders (antigens) and "stun" / temporally disable them until T cells can come and destroy them or macrophages eat them

Front 64

What is the result of B-lymphocytes binding to antigens?

Back 64

To inactivate them temporarily and mark them for destruction

Front 65

What is the FUNCTION of cell-mediated immunity?

Back 65

T-lymphocytes attack foreign cells directly or indeirectly to destroy them

Front 66

How do T-lymphocytes directly attack foreign cells?

Back 66

Lysis

Front 67

How do T-lymphocytes indirectly attack foreign cells?

Back 67

Chemical mediators activate lymphocytes or macrophages

Front 68

What are antigens?

Back 68

Large complex molecule's that stimulates the immune system to respond to foreign (non-self) invaders

Front 69

Name 2 types of antigens?

Back 69

1) Complete
2) Incomplete (also known as Hapten)

Front 70

Name the 2 FUNCTIONAL properties of Complete antigens?

Back 70

1) immunogenicity
2) reactivity

Front 71

What is immunogenicity?

Back 71

Ability to stiumlate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antobody production

Front 72

What is Reactivity?
(in relation to complete antigens)

Back 72

Ability to react with activated lymphocytes and released antibodies

Front 73

What is another name for an incomplete antigen?

Back 73

Hapten

Front 74

Describe the STRUCTURE of an incomplete antigen?

Back 74

Small molecules that combine with host protein macromolecules to form a large enough complex that the body recognizes as foreign

Front 75

Name a "reaction" to an incomplete antigen?

Back 75

Common allergies

Front 76

What are antigenic determinants?

Back 76

Certain parts of an entire antigen capable of stimulating the formation of a specific antibody

Front 77

What are self-antigens?

Back 77

MHC glycoproteins on external surfaces of our cells to mark the cell as "self"

Front 78

What does MHC stand for?

Back 78

Major Histocompatibility complex

Front 79

Name the 2 types of MHC proteins?

Back 79

1) Class I 2) Class II

Front 80

What are Type I MHC proteins?

Back 80

- Healthy cells peptides
- Displayed on almost all cell surfaces
- Tc Cell = Cytotoxic T Cell combat MHC 1

Front 81

What are Type II MHC proteins?

Back 81

- unhealthy cells displaying foreign peptides
- found ONLY on APC's
- Th cells = Helper T cells combat MHC II

Front 82

Name 2 types of cells found in the Adaptive immune system.

Back 82

1) Lymphocytes
2) Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Front 83

What do healthy cells look like?

Back 83

Healthy cell peptides, displayed by Type MHC I

Front 84

What do infected cells look like?

Back 84

Sick cell's displaying peptides Type II MHC

Front 85

What is immunococompetent?

Back 85

Recoginizing ones specific antigens by binding to it

Front 86

What is self-tolerant?

Back 86

Recognizes body's own cells

Front 87

Why do T lymphocytes have a unique quality?

Back 87

Have receptors to bind to MHC molecules but not to self-antigens

Front 88

Where are B lymphocytes stored? (4 places)

Back 88

Lymph nodes,
spleen ,
bone marrow,
mucous membranes

Front 89

Where are T lymphocytes activated?

Back 89

Become immunocompetent in thymus, due to thymic hormones

Front 90

What is postive T cell selection?

Back 90

Identifying T cells capable of recognizing self- MHC molecules

Front 91

What is negative T cell selection?

Back 91

Selectivley eliminating those which react vigourously to self antigen, or failure to react with foreign antigen

Front 92

Where are T lymphocytes stored (4 places)?

Back 92

Lymph nodes,
spleen,
tonsils,
bone marrow

Front 93

Why do T lymphocytes need to encounter antigens?

Back 93

To develop them into full functional mature, antigen activated cells

Front 94

What are antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

Back 94

T cells can't recognize or attack foreign antigens on their own, so they need to be "presented" with the enemy cell

Front 95

When the peptide fragments are bound to MHC on ACPS plasma membrane what does this do?

Back 95

Presents the antigen

Front 96

Name 3 Antigenic Cell Presenters (APC's)?

Back 96

1) Dendritic cells (can be both MHC I & MHC II
2) Macrophages
3) Activated B lymphocytes

Front 97

How does the HUMORAL response begin?

Back 97

an ANTIGEN challenge (encounter) with immunocompetent naiive B lymphocyte

Front 98

How is a B lymphocyte activated?

Back 98

an antigen binds to the receptors of a naiive immunocomptent B cell

Front 99

What is the function of PLASMA cells?

Back 99

PRIMARY immune response, snythesizes 2,000 antibodies per second over 4-5 days to circulated and bind free antigens and mark them for destruction

Front 100

What is the function of memory cells?

Back 100

Encounter with antigens in the future causes formation of new plasma cells within hours for the snythesis of antibodies

Front 101

What is immunological memory?

Back 101

secondary humoral responses, Primary response cell develops memory - secondary response, cell acts quickly as it has memory of the antigen

Front 102

What is involved in the primary immune response?

Back 102

First exposure to antigen, requires 3-6 days to form antibody, level peaks in about ten days then declines

Front 103

What is involved in the secondary immune response?

Back 103

rexposure to antigen yeilds new plasma cells from memory cells within hours forming antibodies in 2-3 days at higher level and lasts weeks to months

Front 104

What is active humoral immunity?

Back 104

Synthesis of antobodies within individual (longer lasting than passive immunity)

Front 105

What is naturally aquired humoral immunity?

Back 105

bacterial/viral infections, natural exposure to them

Front 106

What is artificially aquired humoral immunity?

Back 106

Vaccinations of dead/attenuated (weakened) oathogens

Front 107

What is passive humoral immunity?

Back 107

Antobodies are received by the individual

Front 108

What is naturally aquired passive humoral immunity?

Back 108

Inherited by fetus from the mother's blood antibodies or through breast milk

Front 109

What is another name for antibodies?

Back 109

Immunoglobins or blood gamma globulins

Front 110

What are the 2 types of polypeptide chains of antobodies?

Back 110

- Two identical heavy (H)chains
- Two identical light (L) chains

Front 111

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Back 111

M A D G E
1) IgM
2) IgA
3) IgD
4) IgG
5) IgE

Front 112

What is IgM?

Back 112

major class fromed after initial contact with an antigen

Front 113

What is IgA?

Back 113

A secretory antibody in the mucous membranes, salivia, tears, sweat, milk, respiratory and digestive tracts

Front 114

What is IgD?

Back 114

A minor antibody attached to a B cell surface acting as an antigen receptor and important in b cell activation

Front 115

What is IgG?

Back 115

Major class in plasma after initial contact with antigen, crosses placenta in fetus

Front 116

What is IgE?

Back 116

Minor antobody against harmful effects associated with allergies, asthma, and dermatitis

Front 117

How much of the antibodies in the blood does IgG represent?

Back 117

75-85%

Front 118

What is the function of IgA?

Back 118

helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cell surfaces

Front 119

HOW ARE ANTIGENS DESTROYED?

Back 119

PHAGOCYTOSIS OR CELL LYSIS

Front 120

What MHC type do T4 / Helper T cells bind to?

Back 120

Type MHC II : displayed on surface of APC's cells only

Front 121

What MHC type do T8 / Cytotoxic cells bind to?

Back 121

Type I MHC : displayed on almost ALL cell surfaces

Front 122

What are Helper T cell's?

Back 122

(helper t cell) T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells

Front 123

What is the ROLE of Helper T cells?

Back 123

Central Role of Helper T Cells Helper T (TH) cells are critical to coordinating the activity of the immune response.

Front 124

WHAT DO CYTOTOXIC T (KILLER T) CELLS DO?

Back 124

BINDS WITH Type 1 MHC COMPLEX TO SECRETE MATERIALS TO DIRECTLY ATTACK AND KILL INFECTED CELLS

Front 125

What is an INTERFERON and what does it do?

Back 125

INTERFERONS are proteins released by virus infected cells & certain lymphocytes that protect uninfected tissue cells from viral take over; mobilize immune system

Front 126

What is a COMPLEMENT and what does it do?

Back 126

COMPLEMENT are Lyses micro organisms, they enhances phagocytosis by opsonization & intensifies inflammatory & immune responses.

Front 127

TRUE or FALSE
Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis?

Back 127

True

Front 128

TRUE or FALSE
Perforins are cytolytic chemicals used by NK cells

Back 128

True

Front 129

What do INTERFERONS DO?

Back 129

interfere with viral replication within cells

Front 130

What CELL is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

Back 130

phagocytes

Front 131

Name the Chemicals that create a fever response in the body

Back 131

Pyrogens

Front 132

What inhibits virus replication in cells?

Back 132

Interferon

Front 133

Which provides a mechanical barrier in the innate immune system?

Back 133

Skin

Front 134

Which provides a chemical barrier in the innate immune system?

Back 134

Sebum

Front 135

Is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation

Back 135

Redness

Front 136

What are ANTIGENS?

Back 136

they are substances that can mobilize the Immune System & provoke a immune response.

Front 137

Immunogenicity (as part of Complete Antigens)

Back 137

ABILITY TO STIMULATE proliferation of specific lymphocytes & antibodies

Front 138

Reactivity (as part of Complete Antigens)

Back 138

ABILITY TO REACT with activated lymphocytes & antibodies