A&p Ii Exam 2

Front 1

Types of blood vessels

Back 1

Arteries- carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries- exchange vessels

Veins- carry blood toward the heart

Front 2

Arteries and veins structure

Back 2

Tunica intima-lines the blood vessel and is exposed to blood. Endothelium simple squamous epithelium (selectively preamble barrier)

Tunica media- smooth muscle. Faso motor Nerve fibers controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels

Tunica externa outermost layer collagen fibers protect vasa vasorum

Front 3

Elastic arteries (conducting)

Back 3

aorta act as pressure reservoirs expand and recoil as blood is ejected from heart large lumen

Front 4

Muscular (distributing) arteries

Back 4

Deliver blood to body organs(active in vasoconstriction)

Front 5

Arterioles

Back 5

Smallest lead to capillary beds

Front 6

Capillaries

Back 6

Walls of thin tunica intima. Function exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones

Front 7

3 types of capillaries

Back 7

Continuous capillaries- least preamble in most tissues. Allows passages of solutes

Fenestrated capillaries-kidneys and small intestine endothelial cells riddled with holes called filtration pores (organs that require rapid absorb tigons or filtration.)

Sinusoids- liver bone marrow spleen, irregular blood filled spaces with large fenestrations

Front 8

Throughfare channels of capillary beds

Back 8

Metarteriole that continues through capillary bed to venule

Front 9

Precapillary sphinters capillary beds

Back 9

Controls which beds are well perfused

Sphincters open capillaries are well perfused with blood=exchanges with tissue fluid

Sphincters close blood bypasses capillaries flows through channels vascular shunt

Front 10

Veins

Back 10

Capacitance vess

Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries

Adaptions that ensure return of blood to the heart

Large diameter lumens offer little resistance

Valves prevent backflow of blood

Front 11

Blood flow

Back 11

Volume of blood flowing though a vessel, organ, or entire circulation in a given period,= cardiac output

Front 12

Blood pressure

Back 12

The pressure gradient provides the driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas.

Front 13

Resistance( periphial)

Back 13

Opposition to flow measure the amount of friction blood encounters.

Blood viscosity

Total blood vessel length

Blood vessel diameter

Front 14

Blood pressure increases

Back 14

Blood flow speeds up (directly proportional)

Front 15

If resistance increases

Back 15

blood flow decreases inversely proportional

Front 16

Systemic pressure

Back 16

Highest in the aorta declines 0 in the right atrium (steepest drop in arterioles> capillaries)

Front 17

Factors aiding in venous return

Back 17

1. Respiratory pump-pressure changes during breathing moves blood toward the heart

2. Muscular pump- contractile of skeletal muscles milk blood toward heart

3. Vasoconstriction of veins

Front 18

Sort term neural controls of BP

Back 18

Baroreceptors in carotid sinuses aortic arch bad walls of arteries

Baroreflex negative feedback response to changes in BP. ( increases in BP defected in carotid sinuses). Inhibit the sympathetic cardiac and vasomotor neurons reducing sympathetic tone(vasodilation)

Baroreceptors in carotid sinus protect blood to brain

Baroreceptors in the aortic maintain adequate BP in the systemic circuit

Front 19

Short term neural controls of BP

Back 19

Chemo reflex response to changes in blood chemistry Ph and gas concentration

Front 20

Sort term hormonal controls of BP

Back 20

Hormones influence BP through vasoconstrictive effects or regulating water balance

Front 21

Long term regulation of BP

Back 21

Control BP by altering blood volume (kidneys)

Direct renal independently of hormones

Indirect renin antagonism

Front 22

Measuring BP 1sounds occur when....

Back 22

Blood starts to spurt though the artery and stop when artery is no longer constricted

Front 23

Auto regulation

Back 23

The ability of he tissue to regulate their own blood supply. Is controlled by modifying the diameter if local arterioles feeding the capillaries

Front 24

Auto regulation types

Back 24

Metabolic- wastes

Myotonic stretch

Front 25

Long term auto regulation

Back 25

Angiogenesis when shot term autoregulation cannot meet tissue requirements vessels ^

Front 26

Capillaries exchange if lipid soluble molecules

Back 26

Diffusion (gases)

Front 27

Capillary exchange of water soluble solutes

Back 27

Pass thought clefts and fenestrations ( amino acids and sugars)

Front 28

Capillary exchange of large molecules

Back 28

Pink yogic vesicles or caveolae

Front 29

Fluid movement bulk flow

Back 29

Direction and amount if fluid flow depends in two opposing forces hydrostatic( tends to force fluid out) (arterial end)and colloid osmotic pressures( draw water in)(venous end)=net filtration pressure

Front 30

Circulatory shock

Back 30

any condition Blood vessels are inadequately filled blood cannot circulate normally

Front 31

During ventricular systole myocardial blood flow

Back 31

Stops

Front 32

Low o2 levels in lungs

Back 32

Vasoconstriction