A&p Ii Exam 1 Study Guide

Front 1

Describe several ways in which hormone secretion is regulated.

Back 1

Hormone secretion is regulated by signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones
Most hormonal regulatory systems work via negative feedback, but a few operate via positive feedback

Front 2

Choose your favorite feedback mechanism and discuss it in detail.

Back 2

Blood Ca2+ level is controlled by the parathyroid hormone (PTH). If blood Ca2+ is low, there is a stimulus for the parathyroid glands to release more PTH. PTH then exerts its effects in the body until the Ca2+ level returns to normal. If the level gets too high the body will cease PTH production and secrete calcitonin lower the Ca2+ levels.

Front 3

What would happen if a person with type A blood were to receive a transfusion of type B blood?

Back 3

In a blood transfusion, if the recipient receives the wrong blood type, antigen-antibody reactions will cause a rapid destruction (hemolysis) of the donor red blood cells

Front 4

Describe the mechanism of action for a lipid-soluble hormone, and provide an example.

Back 4

1. Lipid-soluble hormone diffuses into cell
2. Activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
3. Newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of
specific proteins on ribosomes
Example is Steroids or Thyroid hormones

Front 5

List the correct order the action of a water soluble hormone on its target cell.

Back 5

1. The hormone binds to a membrane receptor
2. The hormone receptor complex activates G proteins.
3. Adenylate cyclase is activated, catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cAMP.
4. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases
5. Activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins.
6. Enzymes Catalyze reactions that produce a physiological response attributed to the hormone.
Example is Amine, peptide, protein, and eicosanoid hormones.

Front 6

List several ways in which lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones “behave” differently.

Back 6

Lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell
Water soluble hormones bind to receptors on the surface of the cell
Water soluble hormones cirulate in the blood plasma membrane in a free form not attched to plasma proteins; most lipid soluble hormones are bound to transport proteins synthesized by the liver.

Front 7

Give an example of a medical condition resulting from a hormone imbalance/deficiency.

Back 7

Hypersecretion of Cortisol by the adrenal cortex produces crushing syndrome. A condition in which the body breaksdown muscle and redistributes body fat.

Front 8

Select an endocrine gland. Describe the hormone(s) that are secreted by this gland and the action that they bring about.

Back 8

Adrenal Cortex secretes Cortisol. Cortisol binds to smooth muscle in blood vessels. Cause blood vessels to constrict maintaining blood flow during stress. Increases the bodys ability to cope with stress.

Front 9

What are the three main functions of blood? Describe each briefly.

Back 9

1. Transportation: Blood contributes to homeostasis by transporting respiratory gasses, nutrients, and hormones to and from your body’s cells.
2. Regulation: It helps regulate body pH and temperature
3. Protection: It provides protection through its clotting mechanisms and immune defenses.

Front 10

How is oxygen carried by blood?

Back 10

Oxygen is carried by red blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which is a oxygen carrying protein.