A&p Chapter 4

Front 1

What is a group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities?

Back 1

Tissues

Front 2

What includes various types of cels, ranging from hard (bone) to semisolid (fat) to liquid (blood)?

Back 2

Tissues

Front 3

Of all the cells in the body, they combine to make only 4 basic tissue types. They are?

Back 3

Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscular tissues
Nervous tissues

Front 4

What tissues cover body surfaces and form glands and line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts?

Back 4

Epithelial

Front 5

What tissues (C.T.) protect, support, and bind organs?

Back 5

Connective

Front 6

Fat is what type of tissue that stores energy.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are also a type of this tissue.

Back 6

Connective tissues

Front 7

What tissues generate the physical force needed to make body structures move? They also generate heat used by the body.

Back 7

Muscular

Front 8

What tissues detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses?

Back 8

Nervous

Front 9

Tissues of the body develop from what three primary germ layers?

Back 9

Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm

Front 10

What tissues develop from all three germ layers.

Back 10

Epithelial

Front 11

C.T. and muscle are
derived from what germ layer?

Back 11

mesoderm

Front 12

Nervous tissue develops from
what germ layer?

Back 12

ectoderm.

Front 13

What tissue is used to line surfaces and form protective barriers. This tissue is also good at secreting things like mucous, hormones, and other substances.

Back 13

Epithelium

Front 14

All epithelia tissue have a
free ____ surface and an attached ____surface.?

Back 14

apical,
basal

Front 15

What are named according to the shape of their cells, and the thickness or arrangement of their layers (of cells).

Back 15

Epithelia Cells

Front 16

What is composed of a single layer of flat cells.

Back 16

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Front 17

What makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels?

Back 17

Simple squamous Epithelium

Front 18

Simple Squamous Epithelium cells are found where?

Back 18

In the air sacs of lungs,
In the lining of blood
vessels, the heart, and lymphatic vessels,
In all capillaries, including those of the kidney
As the major part of a
serous membrane

Front 19

What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelium?

Back 19

Filtration such as blood in the kidneys or diffusion such as diffusion of oxygen into blood vessels of lungs.

Front 20

What is composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells?

Back 20

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Front 21

What is often found lining
the tubules of the
kidneys and many
other glands.

Back 21

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Front 22

What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

Back 22

Seceretion and absorption

Front 23

What forms a single layer of column-like cells, ± cilia, ± microvilli, ± mucous (goblet cells).

Back 23

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Front 24

What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

Back 24

Cila beat in unison, moving muscus and foreign particles tward throat, where the can be coughed up and swallowed or spit out.

Front 25

Where is Simple Columnar Epithelium found in the body?

Back 25

Lines some bronchioles of respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain.

Front 26

What cells are simple
columnar cells that
have differentiated to
acquire the ability to
secrete mucous.

Back 26

Goblet

Front 27

What is a prominent feature of the outer layers
of the skin.

Back 27

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 28

What appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are at various depths. In reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not extend to the apical surface.

Back 28

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Front 29

What has an apical surface that is made up of squamous (flat) cells.

Back 29

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Front 30

The many layers of Stratified Squamous Epithelium are ideal for?

Back 30

protection against
strong friction forces.

Front 31

What is the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

Back 31

Protection against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and foreign invasion. Both types form first line of defense against microbes.

Front 32

What has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells.

Back 32

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Front 33

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium cells are found where?

Back 33

Locations include the sweat
glands and part of the
♂ urethra

Front 34

What is the function of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

Back 34

Protection; limited secretion and absorption

Front 35

The cells of ____ ____ change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue.

Back 35

Transitional Epithelium

Front 36

What is found in the bladder.

Back 36

Transitional Epithelium

Front 37

Transitional Epithelium are found where?

Back 37

Bladder

Front 38

What is the function of Transitional Epitheluim?

Back 38

Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining whild holding variable amount of fluid without rupturing.

Front 39

What is common in the digestive tract.

Back 39

Columnar Epithelium

Front 40

What lines ducts and sweat glands.

Back 40

Cuboidal Epithelium

Front 41

What Tissue is the most widely distributed in the body. It contains several types of cells and all three fiber types.

Back 41

Areolar Connective Tissue

Front 42

Where is Areolar Connective Tissue found?

Back 42

In and around nearly every body structure thus called the packing material of the body.

Front 43

What is the function of Areolar Connective Tissue?

Back 43

It is used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and as a packing between glands, muscles, and nerves.

Front 44

What Tissue is located in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and around organs and joints?

Back 44

Adipose tissue

Front 45

Where is adipose Tissue found in the body?

Back 45

Wherever areolar connective tissue is located: subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket.

Front 46

What is the function of Adipose tissue?

Back 46

It reduces heat loss and serves as padding and as an energy source.

Front 47

What tissue is a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells?

Back 47

Reticular connective tissue

Front 48

What is the function of Reticular connective tissue

Back 48

It forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

Front 49

Where is Reticular Connective Tissue found in the body?

Back 49

Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow; reticular lamina of basment membrane; around blood vessels.

Front 50

What Tissue comprise tendons, ligaments, and other strong attachments where the need for strength along one axis is mandatory (a muscle pulling on a bone)?

Back 50

Dense regular Connective Tissue.

Front 51

What is the function of Dense regular Connective Tissue?

Back 51

Provides strong atachment between various structures. Tissues structure withstands pulling along long axis of fibers.

Front 52

Where is Dense regular Connective Tissue found in the body?

Back 52

Forms tendons (attaches muscles to bone), most ligaments (attaches bone to bone) and aponeuroses (sheet like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone)

Front 53

What Tissue consists predominantly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly arranged?

Back 53

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.

Front 54

What is the function of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

Back 54

It provides strength when forces are pulling from many different directions.

Front 55

Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found in the body?

Back 55

Often occures in sheets, such as fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), reticular (deeper) region of dermis of skin, fibrous pericardium of heart, pericardium of heart, bone, cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs. Also in heart valves.

Front 56

What tissue consists predominantly of fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibers.

Back 56

Elastic Connective Tissue

Front 57

What is the function of Elastic Connective Tissue

Back 57

It allows stretching of certain tissues like the elastic arteries (the aorta).

Front 58

Where is Elastic Connective Tissue found in the body?

Back 58

Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of penis, ans some ligaments between vertebrae.

Front 59

What is the most abundant type of cartilage; it covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.
It provides a smooth surface for joint movement.

Back 59

Hyaline cartilage

Front 60

Where is Hyaline cartilage found in the body?

Back 60

At the end of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton.

Front 61

What is the function of Hyaline cartilage?

Back 61

Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexabilty, and support; weakest types of cartilage.

Front 62

What cartilage consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers.

Back 62

Elastic cartilage

Front 63

Where is Elastic cartilage found in the body?

Back 63

Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle), auditory (eustachian) tubes.

Front 64

What is the function of Elastic cartilage?

Back 64

Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.

Front 65

With its thick bundles of collagen fibers, what is a very strong, tough cartilage.

Back 65

Fibrocartilage

Front 66

Where is Fibrocartilage found in the body?

Back 66

Found in discs in the intervertebral spaces and the knee joints support the huge loads up and down the long axis of the body.

Front 67

What is the function of Fibrocartilage?

Back 67

Support and joining structures togther. Strength and rigidity make it the strongest type of cartilage.

Front 68

What is a connective tissue with a calcified intracellular matrix. In the right circumstances, the chondrocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the osteocytes that make up this tissue.

Back 68

Bone

Front 69

What is the function of bone?

Back 69

Support, protection, storage; houses blood-forming tissues; serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement.

Front 70

What are atypical liquid connective tissues. It also has fibers (such as fibrin that makes blood clot).

Back 70

Blood and lymph

Front 71

Where is blood found in the body?

Back 71

In blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins), within the chambers of the heart.

Front 72

What is the function of blood?

Back 72

Red blood cells: transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide; white blood cells carry phagocytosis and mediate allergic reactions and immune system responses; platelets: essential for blood clotting.

Front 73

What is the difference between exocrine and an endocrine gland?

Back 73

Glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood are called endocrine glands.
Glands that secrete their contents into a lumen or duct are called exocrine glands.

Front 74

What is the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels? It is a connective tissue that consists of serveral types of cells in a clear liquid extracellular matrix that is similar to blood plasma but with much less protein.

Back 74

Lymph

Front 75

What connects adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells

Back 75

Intracellular Junctions

Front 76

What are the five basic types of cell junctions?

Back 76

Tight,
Adherens,
Desmosomes ,
Hemidesmosomes, and
Gap Junctions

Front 77

What Junctions make an adhesion belt (like the belt on your pants) that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract.
Cadherin is a glycoprotein
that forms the belt-like “plaque”.

Back 77

Adherens Junctions

Front 78

What Junctions are found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells.
They keep materials from leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder.

Back 78

Tight Junctions

Front 79

What junctions act as “spot welds”. They also use cadherin glycoprotein (plus intermediate filaments) to hook into the cytoplasm.

Back 79

Desmosomes junctions

Front 80

What junctions are half-welds that join cells to the basement membrane?

Back 80

Hemidesmosomes Junctions

Front 81

What Junctions are pores (connexons) that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells. If one of the cells gets sick or dies, these seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells.

Back 81

Gap Junctions

Front 82

Epithelial tissue is classified according to?

Back 82

according to the shape of their cells, and the thickness or arrangement of their layers (of cells).