A&p Exam 3 Review

Front 1

Like nervous tissue, muscles are excitable or "irritable”
they have the ability to respond to a?

Back 1

stimulus

Front 2

What is a protein that functions in the contractile system of skeletal muscle, where it is found in the thin filaments?

Back 2

Actin

Front 3

Unlike nerves, however, muscles are also?

Back 3

Contractible
Extensible
Elastic

Front 4

What is the contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscles fibers?

Back 4

Myosin

Front 5

The four main functions of muscles are to?

Back 5

Create motion, Stabilize body positions and maintain posture, Store substances within the body using sphincters, Move substances by peristaltic contractions, and Generate heat through thermogenesis.

Front 6

Sarcomeres are multi-protein complexes composed of three different filament systems. The thick filament system is composed of ____ protein which is connected from the M-line to the Z-disc by?

Back 6

myosin, titin

Front 7

The Three Types of Muscular Tissue are?

Back 7

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Visceral
(smooth muscle).

Front 8

The thin filaments of a Sarcomere are assembled by ____ monomers bound to nebulin, which also involves tropomyosin (a dimer which coils itself around the F-actin core of the thin filament) and troponin.

Back 8

actin

Front 9

What kind of muscle is Striated, multi-nucleated (eccentric), with parallel fibers?

Back 9

Skeletal

Front 10

Troponin and tropomyosin are what kind of proteins?

Back 10

regulatory proteins

Front 11

What kind of muscle is striated, with one central nucleus?

Back 11

Cardiac

Front 12

What is a regulatory protein that is a component of the thin filaments? When Calcium (Ca2+) IONS bind to this protein, it changes shape. This change in shape moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, and muscle contraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin.

Back 12

Troponin

Front 13

What kind of muscle has no striations, and one central nucleus?

Back 13

Visceral
(smooth muscle).

Front 14

What is a regulatory protein that is a component of the thin filaments? When skeletal muscle fiber is relaxed this protein covers myosin binging sites on actin molecules.

Back 14

Tropomyosin

Front 15

When a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a rate of 20 to 30 times per second the result is a sustained but wavering contraction called?

Back 15

Unfused tetanus

Front 16

When a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a rate of 80 to 100 times per second the result is a sustained contraction called?

Back 16

fused tetanus

Front 17

What is One of the twelve pairs of nerves that leave the brain; pass through the foramina in the skull; and supply sensory and motor neurons to the head neck and part of the trunk, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen?

Back 17

Cranial Nerve

Front 18

What is an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation?

Back 18

sensory receptor

Front 19

Nerves called the ____ ____, branch off the spinal cord and pass out through a hole in each of the vertebrae called the Foramen. These nerves carry information from the spinal cord to the rest of the body, and from the body back up to the brain.

Back 19

spinal nerves

Front 20

Within opposing pairs, the ____ ____, is the muscle primarily responsible for causing the desired movement.

Back 20

prime mover

Front 21

The prime mover is known as the?

Back 21

agonist

Front 22

List The organization within a skelatal muscle from outer to inner.

Back 22

Skeletal, Fascile, Muscle Fiber, Myofibril, and Filaments

Front 23

The vein like structure in this image is called the ____ while the membrane surrounding the muscle fibers is called the ____.

Back 23

Motor Neuron, Sarcolemma

Front 24

The ____ stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover.

Back 24

antagonist

Front 25

This picture show the organization of a?

Back 25

Organization of a fasciculus

Front 26

In flexing the forearm at
the elbow, the brachialis is the prime mover or agonists, and the triceps brachii is the?

Back 26

antagonist

Front 27

This pirture show the Organization of a?

Back 27

Organization of a muscle fiber

Front 28

The attachment of a muscle's tendon to the stationary, usually proximal bone, is called the?

Back 28

origin

Front 29

This pic shows A muscle, a fasciculus, and a ____ all visualized

Back 29

fiber

Front 30

In anatomy, the ____ is a point at which a muscle attaches to a bone. This is the point that tends to be moved by the contraction of the muscle. The opposite end of the muscle is called the origin.

Back 30

insertion

Front 31

The ____ of the muscle is the thickest part, usually midway beetween the insertion and origin.

Back 31

"belly"

Front 32

What nervous
system consists of
all nervous tissue outside
the CNS, including
nerves, ganglia,
enteric plexuses, and
sensory receptors.

Back 32

The peripheral nervous
system (PNS)

Front 33

What nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?

Back 33

The central nervous system (CNS)

Front 34

The outermost membrane called the ____ ____, forms a sac that encloses the entire cord.

Back 34

dura mater (tough mother)

Front 35

The middle membrane of the spinal cord is a delicate avascular covering
called the? It is attached to the inside of the dura and forms the roof of the subarachnoid space

Back 35

arachnoid mater.

Front 36

The transparent membrane of the spinal cord called the ____ ____, is pressed-up against the cord and is filled with blood vessels that supply nutrients to it.

Back 36

pia mater

Front 37

Study this pic for the internal structures of the muscle fiber

Back 37

reference only

Front 38

What are muscles used to prevent unwanted movements at intermediate joints, or otherwise aid the movement of the prime mover.

Back 38

Synergists

Front 39

Increasing the level of magnification, the myofibrils are seen to be composed
of filaments Thick filaments and thin Thin filaments
Study Pic

Back 39

Reference only

Front 40

What are small masses of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord, usually closely associated with cranial and
spinal nerves?

Back 40

Ganglia

Front 41

What are multi-protein complexes composed of three different filament systems?

Back 41

Sarcomeres

Front 42

There are 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells. Which one of these form and circulate CSF?

Back 42

Ependymal cells

Front 43

The thick filament system is composed of ____ protein which is connected from the M-line to the Z-disc by titin.

Back 43

myosin

Front 44

There are 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells. Which one of these support neurons in the CNS, and Maintain the chemical environment (Ca2+ & K+)?

Back 44

Astrocytes

Front 45

The thick filament system is composed of myosin protein which is connected from the M-line to the Z-disc by titin. It also contains myosin-binding protein C which binds at one end to the thick filament and the other to?

Back 45

actin

Front 46

There are 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells. Which one of these produce myelin in CNS?

Back 46

Oligodendrocytes

Front 47

The thin filaments are assembled by actin monomers bound to nebulin, which also involves tropomyosin (a dimer which coils itself around the F-actin core of the thin filament) and?

Back 47

troponin

Front 48

There are 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells. Which one of these participate in phagocytosis?

Back 48

Microglia

Front 49

Nebulin and titin give stability and structure to the?

Back 49

sarcomere

Front 50

There are 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS, Satellite cells, and Schwann cells. Which of these support neurons in PNS?

Back 50

Satellite cells

Front 51

There are 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS, Satellite cells, and Schwann cells. Which of these produce myelin in PNS?

Back 51

Schwann cells

Front 52

In the spinal cord, each posterior root has a swelling called the, ____ ____ ____, which contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Back 52

dorsal root ganglion,

Front 53

What is an area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve, indicated by the letters and number of a particular segmental nerve?

Back 53

A dermatome

Front 54

What is a fast, involuntary response to a stimulus?

Back 54

A reflex

Front 55

The ____ ____ ____ contain axons of motor neurons, which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to
effectors (muscles
and glands).

Back 55

ventral root ganglion

Front 56

The “sliding” of actin on myosin (thick filaments on thin filaments) can be broken down into what 4 step process?

Back 56

Step 1: ATP hydrolysis
Step 2: Attachment
Step 3: Power Stroke
Step 4: Detachment

Front 57

This step is called?

Back 57

Step 1 ATP hydrolysis

Front 58

This step is called?

Back 58

Step 2: Attachment

Front 59

This step is called

Back 59

Step 3: Power Stroke

Front 60

This step is called?

Back 60

Step 4: Detachment

Front 61

The Sliding-Filament Mechanism.
Study pic

Back 61

Reference Only

Front 62

What involves events at the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.

Back 62

Excitation-Contraction coupling (EC coupling)

Front 63

Study Anatomy of NMJ

Back 63

NMJ

Front 64

Conscious thought (to move a muscle) results in activation of a motor neuron, and release of the neurotransmitter ____ at the NM junction

Back 64

acetylcholine (AcCh)

Front 65

The receptors for AcCh are on the ____-____ ___ channels on the motor end plate

Back 65

ligand-gated sodium channels

Front 66

Generating an AP on the muscle membrane involves the transfer of information from an ____ signal (down the neuron), to a _____ signal (at the NMJ), back to an ____ signal (depolarization of the sarcolemma).

Back 66

electrical, chemical, electrical

Front 67

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Study pic

Back 67

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Front 68

Describe Excitation-Contraction Coupling.

Back 68

The thought process going on in the brain
The AP arriving at the neuromuscular junction
The regeneration of an AP on the muscle membrane
Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sliding of thick on thin filaments in sarcomeres
Generation of muscle tension (work)

Front 69

Excitation-Contraction Coupling study pic

Back 69

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Front 70

Sources of Muscle Energy are?

Back 70

Stored ATP
Energy transferred from stored creatine phosphate
Aerobic ATP production
Anaerobic glucose use

Front 71

Stored ATP give about ___ seconds of energy.

Back 71

3

Front 72

Energy transferred from stored creatine phosphate give about ____seconds of energy

Back 72

12

Front 73

Anaerobic glucose use give about ____ seconds of energy

Back 73

30-40

Front 74

Sources of Muscle Energy

Back 74

Sources of Muscle Energy

Front 75

In response to a single AP, cardiac muscle contracts 10-15 times longer than ____ muscle, and must continue to do so, without rest, for the life of the individual

Back 75

skeletal

Front 76

To meet the constant demand, cardiac muscle generally uses the rich supply of O2 delivered by the extensive ____ circulation to generate ATP through aerobic respiration

Back 76

coronary

Front 77

Like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (in your deep organs) is ____ and is not under voluntary control

Back 77

autorhythmic

Front 78

Unlike cardiac (and skeletal muscle) however, smooth muscle has a low capacity for generating ATP and does so only through?

Back 78

anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)

Front 79

Motor Unit is composed of a motor neuron plus?

Back 79

all of the muscle cells it innervates

Front 80

A High precision motor unit has?

Back 80

Fewer muscle fibers per neuron
Laryngeal and extraocular muscles (2-20)

Front 81

A Low precision motor unit has?

Back 81

Many muscle fibers per neuron like the Thigh muscles (2,000-3,000)

Front 82

Activities requiring extreme precision (like the subtle and rapid movements of the eye) involve muscles with?

Back 82

very small motor units (1-4 muscle fibers/neuron)

Front 83

Describe the All-or-none principle of muscle contraction.

Back 83

When an individual muscle fiber is stimulated to depolarization, and an action potential is propagated along its sarcolemma, it must contract to it’s full force—it can’t partially contract

Front 84

When a single motor unit is recruited to contract, all the muscle fibers in that motor unit must?

Back 84

all contract at the same time

Front 85

Within a particular motor unit all the skeletal muscle fibers are?

Back 85

the same type

Front 86

The different motor units in a muscle are recruited in a specific order depending on the?

Back 86

task being performed (fast anaerobic activity for maximal force, etc.)

Front 87

There is a brief delay called the ____ ____ as the AP sweeps over the sarcolemma and Ca2+ ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

Back 87

latent period

Front 88

After the latent periord the next phase is?

Back 88

the fiber is actively contracting

Front 89

The contracting phase is followed by relaxation as the Ca2+ ions are re-sequestered into the SR and myosin binding sites are covered by?

Back 89

tropomyosin

Front 90

Temporary loss of excitability is call the ____ ____. All muscle fibers in a motor unit will not respond to a stimulus during this short time

Back 90

refractory period

Front 91

A ____ is recorded when a stimulus that results in contraction (force) of a single muscle fiber is measured over a very brief millisecond time frame.

Back 91

twitch

Front 92

Tension in a Muscle know the phases

Back 92

Tension in a Muscle

Front 93

Two motor units, one in green, the other in purple, demonstrate the concept of progressive activation of a muscle known as?

Back 93

recruitment

Front 94

What is a type of muscle contraction in which the muscle shorten while generating force?

Back 94

Concentric isotonic

Front 95

What is a contraction in which muscle tension is less than the resistance (the muscle lengthens)?

Back 95

Eccentric isotonic

Front 96

What contractions results in no movement?
Muscle force and resistance are equal Example:
Supporting objects in a fixed position and posture

Back 96

Isometric

Front 97

What refers to how your body is using its fuel -- it means "with oxygen?

Back 97

Aerobic Metabolism

Front 98

Anaerobic respiration, or metabolism, is performed without?

Back 98

oxygen

Front 99

Everything done in the nervous system involves what 3 fundamental steps?

Back 99

sensory, interpretation, and A motor response or function occurs

Front 100

Nervous System Overview

Back 100

Nervous System Overview

Front 101

Over 100 billion neurons and 10–50 times that number of support cells (called neuroglia) are organized into two main subdivisions called?

Back 101

The central nevous
system (CNS)
The peripheral nervous
system (PNS)

Front 102

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the ____ and ___ ___.

Back 102

brain and spinal cord.

Front 103

What consists of
all nervous tissue outside
the CNS, including
nerves, ganglia,
enteric plexuses, and
sensory receptors?

Back 103

The peripheral nervous
system (PNS)

Front 104

CNS Overview

Back 104

CNS Overview

Front 105

Somatic sensory are what kind of neurons that convey information from sensory receptors in the head, body wall and limbs towards the CNS.

Back 105

(afferent)

Front 106

Somatic motor are what kind of neurons that conduct impulses away from the CNS towards the skeletal muscles under voluntary control in the periphery.

Back 106

(efferent)

Front 107

What are any neurons that conduct impulses between afferent and efferent neurons within the CNS?

Back 107

Interneurons

Front 108

What are the real “functional unit” of the nervous system, forming complex processing networks within the brain and spinal cord that bring all regions of the body under CNS control?

Back 108

Neurons

Front 109

Though smaller than neurons, what greatly outnumbers them.
They are the “glue” that supports and maintains the neuronal networks.

Back 109

Neuroglia

Front 110

Though there are several different types of neurons, most have:

Back 110

A cell body
An axon
Dendrites
Axon terminals

Front 111

Multipolar neuron

Back 111

Multipolar neuron

Front 112

Bipolar Neuron

Back 112

Bipolar Neuron

Front 113

Unipolar Neuron

Back 113

Unipolar Neuron

Front 114

The site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and another effector cell is called a?

Back 114

synapse.

Front 115

The ____ ____is the gap between the pre and post-synaptic cells

Back 115

synaptic cleft

Front 116

Synaptic Transmission

Back 116

Synaptic Transmission

Front 117

There are 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS they are?

Back 117

Astrocytes - support neurons in the CNS
Maintain the chemical environment (Ca2+ & K+)
Oligodendrocytes - produce myelin in CNS
Microglia - participate in phagocytosis
Ependymal cells - form and circulate CSF

Front 118

There are 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS the are?

Back 118

Satellite cells - support neurons in PNS
Schwann cells - produce myelin in PNS

Front 119

Like muscle fibers, neurons are electrically excitable. They communicate with one another using two types of electrical signals: They are?

Back 119

Graded potentials are used
for short-distance
communication only.
Action potentials allow
communication over long
distances within the body.

Front 120

Propagation of a ___ ____down the length of the axon begins at the trigger zone near the axon hillock.
By passive spread, the current proceeds by (a) continuous conduction in unmyelinated axons, or by the much faster process of (b) saltatory
conduction in
myelinated axons (as
the AP jumps from one
node to the next as
shown in this graphic).

Back 120

Action Potential

Front 121

Action Potential

Back 121

Action Potential

Front 122

How is the impulse transmitted across the synaptic cleft?

Back 122

1.action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal
2.voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
3.influx of Ca2+
4.synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane (exocytosis)
5. neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft and diffuse to postsynaptic terminal
6. neurotransmitter binds to neuroreceptor on postsynaptic membrane
7. causes Na+ channels to open, and Na+ flows into postsynaptic membrane
8. if threshold is reached then action potential is initiated
9. neurotransmitter is broken down by specific enzymes in the synaptic cleft

Front 123

What transmission involves the release of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, and its activation of the postsynaptic receptor. Things that bind to and activate receptors are called agonists. Thus, acetylcholine is the endogenous agonist for all cholinergic receptors.

Back 123

cholinergic

Front 124

The spinal cord is oval in shape and slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly.
Two types of connective tissue coverings protect the cord and provide physical stability, they are?

Back 124

The bony vertebral column
and
The spinal meninges

Front 125

Know the labels

Back 125

Spinal Cord

Front 126

The outermost membrane of the spinal cord called the ___ ____, forms a sac that encloses the entire cord.

Back 126

dura mater (tough mother)

Front 127

The middle membrane of the spinal cord is a delicate avascular covering
called the ____ ____. It is attached to the inside
of the dura and forms the roof of the subarachnoid space (SAS) in which cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) circulates.

Back 127

arachnoid mater

Front 128

The transparent membrane called the ____ ____, is pressed-up against the cord and is filled with blood vessels that supply nutrients to it.

Back 128

pia mater

Front 129

The spinal cord and its associated spinal nerves contain ____ ____ that control some of your most rapid reactions to environmental changes.

Back 129

reflex circuits

Front 130

The ____ matter of the cord is a site for integration of postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs and EPSPs).

Back 130

gray

Front 131

The ____ matter of the cord contains major sensory and motor tracts to and from the brain.

Back 131

white

Front 132

External Cord

Back 132

External Cord

Front 133

The ____ space runs between the dura mater and the more superficial ligamentum flavum (which lines the underside of the bony vertebral lamina).

Back 133

epidural

Front 134

The ____ space lies between the dura and the arachnoid.

Back 134

subdural

Front 135

In the spinal column, the dura and arachnoid membranes are held firmly together so that the subdural
space is often no more
than a?

Back 135

potential space.

Front 136

Know Labels

Back 136

Know Labels

Front 137

The pia mater has 21 pairs of ____ ____ which attach it to the arachnoid and dura maters.

Back 137

denticulate ligaments

Front 138

The white matter of the cord is divided into anterior, posterior, and lateral columns in which _____sensory tracts are traveling to someplace in the brain and descending motor tracts (red) are traveling to a location in the cord

Back 138

ascending

Front 139

The _____ tract goes from the spinal cord to the brain – it is an afferent tract.

Back 139

spinothalamic

Front 140

The ____ tract goes from the cortex of the brain to the spinal cord – it is an efferent tract.

Back 140

corticospinal

Front 141

The ____ tract originates from an area in the brain which you probably don’t recognize; however, you can recognize the destination in the spine, and therefore deduce that it is a motor tract.

Back 141

vestibulospinal

Front 142

The ____ columns are afferent tracts that convey nerve impulses for discriminative touch, light pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception (awareness of tendon and joint position in space and their
relative movements).

Back 142

posterior

Front 143

The ____ tract is an
afferent tract that transmits sensations
of pain, warmth, coolness, itching,
tickling, deep pressure, and
crude touch.

Back 143

spinothalamic

Front 144

Peripheral Nerves

Back 144

Peripheral Nerves

Front 145

Spinal nerves know labels

Back 145

Spinal nerves

Front 146

The ____ plexus, formed by the anterior rami of C1-C5, serves the head, neck, and diaphragm.

Back 146

cervical

Front 147

The brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1. The nerves from the brachial plexus supply the?

Back 147

shoulders and upper limbs.

Front 148

The ____ ____ is formed by the anterior rami of L1-L4 to supply the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitalia, and part of the lower limbs.

Back 148

lumbar plexus

Front 149

The ____ and ____ nerves come from the
lumbar plexus.

Back 149

femoral and obturator

Front 150

Spinal reflexes can be ____(sensory neuron with motor neuron) or ____(involving interneurons), and they can go in and out on the same, or on the opposite
side of the
cord.

Back 150

monosynaptic or polysynaptic

Front 151

5 Steps of a reflex

Back 151

5 Steps of a reflex

Front 152

Reflex arcs can be _____ (all neurons and effectors on the same side of the body) or ____ (the receptors and afferent neurons are on the opposite
side of the body as the efferent
neurons and effectors.)

Back 152

ipsilateral, contralateral

Front 153

The ____ (withdrawal)
reflex is a good example
of a contralateral reflex
(stepping on a tack).

Back 153

flexor

Front 154

In addition to initiating the flexor reflex that causes you to withdraw the limb, the pain impulses from stepping
on the tack also
initiate a ____ ____ reflex to
help you maintain
your balance.

Back 154

crossed-
extensor

Front 155

The ____ reflex in which the leg extends in response to stretch of the patellar tendon.

Back 155

patellar

Front 156

The ____ reflex causes contraction of the calf when a force is applied to the Achilles tendon

Back 156

Achilles

Front 157

The Babinski, or ____ ____ ____is considered normal in adults if they flex (curl) the big toe when the sole of the foot is stimulated.

Back 157

plantar flexion reflex

Front 158

The spinal ____ surround
the cord as a continuation of
the cranial meninges that encircle the brain

Back 158

meninges

Front 159

The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to?

Back 159

protect the central nervous system.