Chapter 10 Ap Human Geography

Front 1

Agriculture

Back 1

The deliberate tending of crop and livestock to produce food and feed.
Ex. Growing Corn.

Front 2

Animal domestication

Back 2

When people started to keep animals for pets and food.
Ex. Domesticated Cows

Front 3

Plant domestication

Back 3

When people began to farm a part of a plant
Ex. Strawberry

Front 4

First Agricultural Revolution

Back 4

Dating back about 10-12,000 years ago when the development of seed agriculture
Ex. Agriculture on Nile River

Front 5

Second Agricultural Revolution

Back 5

The 17th and 18th century; new inventions from the Industrial Revolution helped this.
Ex. Cotton Gin, Steel Plow

Front 6

Long-lot survey

Back 6

System that divides land into narrow parcels
Ex. Subdivison of Lots

Front 7

Survey Patterns
Long lots
Metes and Bounds
Township and Range

Back 7

Patterns of land division and survey.
Ex. Metes and bounds survey

Front 8

Metes and bounds survey

Back 8

System of land surveying that uses natural features.
Ex. Homes built into Hills

Front 9

Agribusiness

Back 9

Transformed farms into corporate-like units
Ex. Tyson Meat Corporation

Front 10

Biotechnology

Back 10

The use of genetically engineered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock to increase production
Ex. GNO's Gentically enhanced seeds

Front 11

Commercial agriculture

Back 11

A type of farming in which farmers produce food for sale
Ex. Commerical produced Dairy

Front 12

Green Revolution

Back 12

Revolution that tried to increase production of crops and end global hunger
Ex. World Food Organization

Front 13

Luxury crops

Back 13

Crops that need to be grown in suitable environment and needs available labor
Ex. Tabacco

Front 14

Organic agriculture

Back 14

Crops produced without pesticides and fertilizers
Ex. Organic Tomatoes

Front 15

Plantation

Back 15

Production system where cash crops are grown on large estates
Ex. Southern plantations in U.S during 19th century

Front 16

Crop Rotation

Back 16

The rotation of crops as to not exhaust the soil.
Ex. Corn and Soy Bean Rotation in Midwest

Front 17

Agricultural origins

Back 17

Transfer from a hunter-gather society into an Agrarian Society around 10,000 years ago in Fertile Crescent.
Ex. Wheat

Front 18

Aquaculture

Back 18

Production of fish and water based food sources.
Ex. Commercial Fish Farms

Front 19

Bio-revolution

Back 19

Biotechnology and the use of genetically modified food.
Ex. Genetically modified seeds

Front 20

Desertification

Back 20

The transition of fertile land into desert lands.
Ex. Saharan Desert Region

Front 21

Economic Activity
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Back 21

Divisions economic activity, creation of wealth through production of goods and services.
Ex. Mining: Primary Activity

Front 22

Subsistence Agriculture

Back 22

Producing only enough for yourself and family.
Ex. Early Family Farms

Front 23

Slash and Burn Agriculture

Back 23

The burning of forest lands to clear for agricultural uses.
Ex. Brazil Deforestation

Front 24

Extractive Industry

Back 24

An industry that extracts resources for use.
Ex. Mining

Front 25

Genetically Modified Foods

Back 25

(GFM) Foods that are as result of new biotechnology and of artificial origin.
Ex. Genetically modified Tomatoes

Front 26

Grain

Back 26

A primary food source.
Ex. Wheat

Front 27

Ranching

Back 27

Production of Livestock.
Ex. Cattle Ranching

Front 28

Intensive Subsistence - Wet Rice

Back 28

Rice produced in wet climates.
Ex. Sawah

Front 29

Transhumance

Back 29

The migration of cattle from pasture to highlands.
Ex. Cattle transhumance in Argentina

Front 30

Agrarian

Back 30

People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest. Agribusiness. Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually thru ownership by large corporations.

Front 31

Biofuels

Back 31

a fuel derived directly from living matter.

Front 32

Cash Crops

Back 32

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

Front 33

Chemical Farming

Back 33

artificial fertilizers and pesticides

Front 34

Collective Farms

Back 34

an agricultural production unit including a number of farm households or villages working together under state control.

Front 35

Enclosure Movement

Back 35

The process of consolidating small landholdings into smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Front 36

Extensive Agriculture

Back 36

Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple of years then left fallow for a relatively long time.

Front 37

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

Back 37

crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

Front 38

Global Food Crisis

Back 38

A food crisis occurs when rates of hunger and malnutrition rise sharply at local, national, or global levels.

Front 39

Hearths

Back 39

areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock eminates

Front 40

Hunters and Gatherers

Back 40

Before the agriculture, humans gained food by hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants. They lived in small groups (less than 50 people) traveled frequently following game and seasonal growth of plants.

Front 41

Intensive Agriculture

Back 41

any kind of agriculture activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield

Front 42

Mechanization

Back 42

Farmers need tractors, irrigation pumps, and other machinery to make the most effective use of the new miracle seeds. Farmers in LDCs cannot afford this machinery or the fuel to run the equipment, so governments must allocate funds to subsidizing the cost of seeds, fertilizers and machinery.

Front 43

Nutrition Transition

Back 43

the shift in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincides with economic, demographic, and epidemiological changes.

Front 44

Pastoral Nomadism

Back 44

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals (extensive - large amounts of land per food unit with less labor)

Front 45

Rural Settlements:

Nucleated

Back 45

individual villages/homes close together with small surrounding fields (Indonesia)

Front 46

Salinization

Back 46

refers to a build up of salts in soil, eventually to toxic levels for plants. (3,000 - 6,000 ppm salt results in trouble for most cultivated plants.) Salt in soils decreases the osmotic potential of the soil so that plants can't take up water from it.

Front 47

Township and Range Survey Pattern

Back 47

(U.S.A) surveys used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop.

Front 48

Sustainable Agriculture

Back 48

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides

Front 49

Suitcase Farming

Back 49

Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments.

Front 50

Truck Farming

Back 50

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

Front 51

Urban Agriculture

Back 51

the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city. Urban agriculture can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, urban beekeeping, and horticulture.

Front 52

Undernourishment

Back 52

having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition.

Front 53

Vertical Integration

Back 53

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

Front 54

Von Thunen Model

Back 54

an agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activities in terms of rent

Front 55

Shifting Cultivation

Back 55

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. Common in Slash & Burn in the Rain Forest farming (Rain Forest common practice)

Front 56

Intensive Substinence (Non Wet Rice)

Back 56

practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth (most common in U.S.)

Front 57

Mixed Crop and Livestock

Back 57

A type of farming where cows raised on a farm are fed with crops that are grown on the same farm.

Front 58

Dairying

Back 58

The farming and sale/distribution of milk and milk products.-gets is calcium, allows for people to move to the city because there is a way of getting milk or milk products.

Front 59

Mediterranean

Back 59

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates, etc.)

Front 60

Commercial Gardening

Back 60

Predominant type of farming in southeastern U.S. Commonly referred to as truck farming from the Middle English word, truck, meaning bartering.

Front 61

Rural Settlements:

Village Form

Back 61

a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings (Blake Dial)

Front 62

Rural Settlements:

Dispersed

Back 62

individual farmhouses are far apart (dispersed) due to extensive agriculture practices