Ap Human Growth And Geography

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Aspects of hunting/gathering

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The beginning of agriculture. No crops specific to areas of land. Man just scavenged and hunted (mainly nomadic)

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Importance of the Fertile Crescent

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Refers to the areas of fertile soil stretching from the Niger River in Egypt to the Tigris and Euphrates in modern Iraq. The first place where a civilization with written language and agriculture.

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Agribusiness

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Another word for commercial farming (for profit integrated not isolated) creating business diversity.

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Agricultural Climate Impact

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Drier (rice) land usually has livestock and ranching whereas moister climates have grain production (tropical) (fruit)

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Agricultural Hearths

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began in Southeast Asia which had a variety of plants suitable for transportation (roots, yam, banana). The first seed agriculture was in the Eastern Hemisphere (wheat, barely, grains etc) diffused to Europe using the rivers and seas. The Western Hemisphere: Mexico and Peru planted; squash, corn, beans and cotton

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Colombien Exchange

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the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries

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Commercial Agriculture

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for MDCs benefits to earn money

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Crop Rotation

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using different fields every year to avoid exhaustion of soil (milder climates)

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Desertification

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the loss of water resulting in desertlike conditions where nothing can really grow

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Double Cropping

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yielding two years of crops in one year to get more profit

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1st Agricultural Revolution

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also known as the Neolithic Revolution, is the transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming (in the Middle East)

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2nd Agricultural Revolution

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from 1700 to 1900 in developed countries used technology provided by the Industrial Revolution to increase production and distribution of products.

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Green Revolution

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the rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s (higher yielding seeds and more fertilizer) agriculture has surpassed population growth.

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Horticulture

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the planting of fruits, veggies flowers and trees form the base of Mediterranean farming

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Intensive Substance Agriculture

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people need to work harder to get profit benefits and crop yield (LDCs)

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Milkshed

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The range of distribution surrounding a city at which Milk will not spoil

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Paddy

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another word for wet rice

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Pastoral Nomadism

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herding of animals based in North Africa the Middle East and Central Asia (LDCs)

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Pasture

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A place where animals feed off of sheep pasture in alpine meadows in the summer and herded into valleys during the winter for pasture

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Plantation Agriculture

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export oriented government uses natural resources to make short term profits through deliberate planting generally in LDCs owned by Europeans and North Americans

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Prime Agricultural Land

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the most productive farmland (U.S. urban areas are killing this land)

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Ranching

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commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area (in MDCs where vegetation is too sparse and soil is too poor) in the United States

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Ridge Tillage

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planting crops on small ridges that are formed by cultivation and harvest (the plant is planted in the same spot year after year)

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Sawah

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a flooded field used to plant wet rice

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Seed Agriculture

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planting with the use of seeds of the priorly planted crop

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Shifting Cultivation

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when farmers slash and burn crops or farmers plant in one spot until the soils efficiency reduces

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Slash-And-Burn Agriculture

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farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris

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Subsistence Agriculture

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most seen in LDCs to survive on what they are planting

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Sustainable Agriculture

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preserving and enhancing environmental quality. Lower profit but the crops cost less (organic farming) sensitive land management, limited use of chemicals, and better integration of crops and livestock

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Transhumance

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nomadism (from one grazing ground to another)

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Truck Farming

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horticultural practice of growing one or more vegetable crops on a large scale for shipment to distant markets. It is usually less intensive and diversified than market gardening.

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Vegative Planting

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the reproduction of a crop through direct cloning (cutting pieces of the plant up)

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Terracing

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Graduated terrace steps are commonly used to farm on hilly or mountainous terrain. Terraced fields decrease both erosion and surface runoff, and may be used to support growing crops that require irrigation, such as rice. found throughout Asia.

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Wet Rice

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The practice of planting rice on dry land then moving the seedlings to a flooded area to promote growth

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Winnow

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when threshed rice is placed in a tray and the lighter chaff is allowed to blow away in the wind

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Carl Sauer

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agricultural hearths and cultural landscapes

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Von Thunens Model

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Circular model (transportation and land cost) what is produced varies by distance from the central town (created the idea of location theory)

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Koppen Climate Classification System

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Different climates determine what kind of agricultural is done in an area (intensive/extensive dry livestock or rice/tropical fruits or grains)

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Township and Range

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the minimum number of people needed to support a service/the maximum distance people are willing to travel (based on a square grid)

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Metes and Bounds

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method of describing land, real property (in contrast to personal property) or real estate. The system has been used in England for many centuries, and is still used there in the definition of general boundaries

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Linear Village

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follows a stream or road

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Cluster Village

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intensive cultivation homes are clustered on road intersections

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Round Village

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to coral livestock (seemingly undeveloped)

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Walled Village

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Medieval Europe ---> the town is surrounded by a wall and on the outside is the farming land

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Grid Village

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individual farm houses that are widely spaced (North America)

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Organic

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relating to or derived from living matter. (less pesticide, less land and, lower production cost)

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Fair Trade

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trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries

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Loss of Productive Farmland

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America is converting farmland to development because Americans want to live in low-density suburbs, farmers are willing to sell their land and the market values this acreage higher as housing than farming

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Agglomeration

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when similar services are located near each other and benefit from it

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Deagglomerations

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when similar services cluster together but there are too many of them to be productive

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Break-of Bulk Point

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a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible

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Fordist

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mass production/manufacturing of a product in one place

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Post-Fordist

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(current) not as mass produced but is made around the globe leading to globalization

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Industrial Revolution

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originated in northern England and southern Scotland ---> the collective invention of hundreds of mechanical devices

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Labor Intensive Industry

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wages and other compensations contributes to higher expenses ( average labor 11% of all manufacturing costs in the U.S. So intensive would be higher)

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Maquiladora

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also known in Spanish as maquilar meaning receiving payment for grinding or processing corn (a place where people such as Mexicans finish a product for cheaper prices outsourcing

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New International Division of Labor

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The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries—an ongoing geographic reorganization of production, which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor

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Cottage Industry

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people who were paid for the number of pieces completed at home (spinning) women and children sorted, cleaned and spun wool at home

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Right-to-Work State

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According to the Legal Defense Foundation, right to work laws prohibit union security agreements, or agreements between employers and labor unions, that govern the extent to which an established union can require employees' membership, payment of union dues, or fees as a condition of employment, either before or after

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Site Factor

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result of the unique characteristics of a location (land, labor, and capital)

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Situation Factor

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transportation of materials to and from a factory (attempting to minimize the cost)

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Deindustrialization

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industrial jobs moved to cheaper places (changing to a service industry) resulting in high unemployment

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Outsourcing

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cheap labor that is inside of the country/state

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Offshore

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cheap labor that is outside of the country/state

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Rust Belt vs Sun Belt

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a term for the region of the United States from the Great Lakes to the upper Midwest States, referring to economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once-powerful industrial sector, also known as deindustrialization.

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Just in Time Delivery

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inventory strategy companies employ to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs. This method requires producers to forecast demand accurately.

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Trading Block

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intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where regional barriers to trade, (tariffs and non-tariff barriers) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states

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Bulk-Reducing Industry

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the final product weighs less than what is put into it (Copper)

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Bulk-Gaining Industry

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the final product weighs more than what is put into it (cans or bottles)

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Regional Disparity in Industry

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unbalanced spatial structures in some region or in different regions. manifested in different conditions of life as well as in unequal economic and development potential.

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Infrastructure

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the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

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Location Theory

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where does a business go? (Economic based, political, and cultural)

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Webers Model

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transportation - raw materials cost the leastLabor - cheap, non-union, labor costs are lowAgglomeration - industrial clustering sharing services and faculties resulting in lower costDeaglomeration: too much agglomeration resulting in a loss of profit

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Hotellings Model

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location interdependence- you need multiple of one industry in one place (with similar products or similar demands)

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Loschs Model Zone of Profitability

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lower cost maximum profit -----> zone of profitability

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Personal Service

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a service based on the intellectual or manual efforts of an individual (as for salary or wages) rather than a salable product of his or her skills.

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Customer Service

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refers to the formulation, deformulation, technical consulting and testing of most consumer products, such as food, herbs, beverages, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics

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Business Service

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work that supports a business but does not produce a tangible commodity. Information technology (IT) is an important business service

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Producer Service

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intermediate inputs to further production activities that are sold to other firms, although households are also important consumers in some cases. They typically have a high information content and often reflect a “contracting out” of support services that could be provided in-house

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Transportation Service

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means of conveyance or travel from one place to anotherb : public conveyance of passengers or goods especially as a commercial enterprise.

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Information Service

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Agency or department responsible for providing processed or published information on specific topics to an organization's internal users, its customers, or the general public.

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Basic Industries

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consist of smaller businesses that sell locally but are supported by non-basic industries

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Non-Basic Industry

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A distinction made in economic base analysis that describes a service business sector that offers its products primarily within a particular region. A non-basic industry provides support services to a basic industry

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Regional Multiplier

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attempt to estimate how much a one-time or sustained increase in economic activity in a particular region will be supplied by industries located in the region.

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Complementarity Comparative Advantage

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advising that each country has the ability to produce a good at lower cost, relative to other goods, compared to another country. Encourage Israeli food manufacturers to purchase their olives from Palestinian growers, their sun-dried tomatoes from Turkish growers, and their glass jars from Egyptian manufacturers

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Market Area

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a geographic zone containing the people who are likely to purchase a firm's goods or services

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Threshold

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the minimum number of people necessary before a particular good or service can be provided in an area.

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City State

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a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state

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CBD (Central Business Direct)

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is the commercial centre. It contains the main shops, offices and financial institutions of the urban area. It is usually the most accessible (easy to get to) part of the city.

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IDL (International Date Line)

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an imaginary line of longitude on the Earth's surface located at about 180 degrees east (or west) of the Greenwich Meridian. ... Our interactive Time Zone Map shows the International Date Line.

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Back Office Work

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the portion of a company made up of administration and support personnel who are not client-facing. People who hold jobs in back office positions carry out functions such as settlements, clearances, record maintenance, regulatory compliance, accounting and IT services

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Central Place Theory

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a geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system. The theory was created by the German geographer Walter Christaller, who asserted that settlements simply functioned as 'central places' providing services to surrounding areas

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Gravity Model

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a model used to estimate the amount of interaction between two cities. It is based on Newton's universal law of gravitation, which measured the attraction of two objects based off their mass and distance

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Rank-Size

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describes the remarkable regularity in many phenomena, including the distribution of city sizes, the sizes of businesses, the sizes of particles (such as sand), the lengths of rivers, the frequencies of word usage, and wealth among individuals.

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Primate City Rule

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is the leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. A 'primate city distribution' has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns, and no intermediate-sized urban centres, in contrast to the linear 'rank-size distribution

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Suburbanization of Business

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is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in formation of (sub)urban sprawl. ... Many residents of metropolitan regions work within the central urban area, and choose to live in satellite communities called suburbs and commute to work via automobile or mass transit

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Swidden

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an area of land cleared for cultivation by slashing and burning vegetation.

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Longlot

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System implemented in Quebec, Louisiana, Texas or areas of French influence, that divide the land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals