Ap Hug Unit 1 Vocab

Front 1

Azimuthal Projection

Back 1

Result from projecting a spherical surface onto a plane, usually one of the poles, where distances measured from the center are true. (i.e. central focal point)

Front 2

Conic Projection

Back 2

Result from projecting a spherical surface onto a cone (maintains distances)

Front 3

Cylindrical Projection

Back 3

Results from projecting a spherical surface onto a cylinder, keeps direction, but distorts shape (stretched at top and bottom)

Front 4

Oval projection

Back 4

combination of conic and cylindrical projections, increasing equidistance

Front 5

Conformal Projection

Back 5

When the scale of a map at any point on the map is the same in any direction (non-azimuthal)

Front 6

Fuller Projection

Back 6

Maintains shape and area but loses direction (looks completely different, can be zig-zag shape triangles)

Front 7

Goode's Homosline Projection

Back 7

Equal area that breaks up globe into continents and seperates oceans (looks like an orange peel)

Front 8

Mercator Projection

Back 8

True compass direction, straight lines but size and shape are distorted (far north and south appear big and stretched)

Front 9

Molleweide Projection

Back 9

Area is true, but shape is distorted because parallels (latitudes) are shown as straight lines. Map is oval shaped.

Front 10

Peter's Projection

Back 10

Area is true, but shape is distorted (everything looks stretched out)

Front 11

Robinson Projection

Back 11

Rounded corners, the main type (equal-area: distorts shape, area, scale, and distance in an attempt to balance all errors)

Front 12

Reference maps vs. thematic maps

Back 12

Reference: show the location of places and geographic features vs.
thematic: show the degree of some attribute

Front 13

Cartogram

Back 13

Size on the map= value (really weird shapes)

Front 14

Chloropleth map

Back 14

colors and shading represent info
(ex. darker shades = higher densities)

Front 15

Dot density

Back 15

Dots equal frequency of data
(ex. lots of dots in china for pop)

Front 16

Flow line map

Back 16

Lines represent movement
(ex. migration patterns)

Front 17

Isoline map

Back 17

Map that uses contoured lines to connect points of similar values (Isotherms: lines connecting points of equal temperature values) (ex. weather maps)

Front 18

Proportional Symbol map

Back 18

Symbol size= value

Front 19

Statistical map

Back 19

Variation in quantity of a factor such as in geographical area is shown.

Front 20

Formal Region (Uniform)

Back 20

An area w/n which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics (ex. country rules, climate, religion, etc.)

Front 21

Functional region

Back 21

Area organized around a node or focal point, whose characteristic diminishes in importance with distance from hearth. Boundaries form between functional regions.

Front 22

Vernacular (Perceptual) Region

Back 22

A place that ppl believe exists b/c of their cultural identity, sometimes resulting from "sense of place", e.g. southeast, northwest US, etc.

Front 23

Cotton Belt

Back 23

Region in South that used to be dominated by ag, and is often referred to as the New South. Extends SC to Texas)

Front 24

Rust Belt

Back 24

Region in north industrial states (ohio, michigan, Penn, etc.), in which heavy industry was once the dominate activity. In the 60's-80's these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the Us and to outsourcing, resulting in "rusting" of unused machines.

Front 25

Sun Belt

Back 25

Region of US that grew b/c of industry and retirement option- stretches across the southern and southwestern states (Florida, georgia, SC, to Arizona, California, Nevada)

Front 26

Diffusion

Back 26

the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

Front 27

Cultural Diffusion

Back 27

the process of a trait spreading outward from its hearth to other places

Front 28

Relocation Diffusion

Back 28

The spread of an idea through physical movement of ppl from one place to another..

Front 29

Expansion diffusion

Back 29

A trait develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading (snowball effect)

Front 30

Contagious Diffusion AND

Epidemic vs. Pandemic

Back 30

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population (ex. ideas on internet)

Epidemic: a regional or localized outbreak of disease/ other phenomena
Pandemic: a worldwide or vastly widespread outbreak

Front 31

Hierarchical Diffusion

Back 31

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places (ex. hip-hop/rap music).

Front 32

Stimulus Diffusion

Back 32

The spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse. (e.g. PC and apple competition)

Front 33

Interdependent Invention

Back 33

A trait with many hearths that developed independent of each other.

Front 34

Hearth vs. Node

Back 34

Hearth: The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Node: focal point or area of importance pertaining to an idea

Front 35

Cultural Trait

vs.

Cultural Complex

Back 35

Trait: A single attribute of a culture.

Complex: A combination of cultural traits (which may or may not be shared by other cultures)

Front 36

Anthropogenic Changes

Back 36

Human induced changes into the environment

Front 37

Cultural Ecology

Back 37

The study of the processes by which a society adapts to its environment

Front 38

Environmental Determinism
vs.
Possiblism

Back 38

ED: Attributing certain behaviors and traits to certain regions and climates
Possiblism: (Carl Sauer) Argument that the natural environment merely serves to limit the range of choices available to a culture or group of ppl

Front 39

Cultural Landscape (Built Landscape)

Back 39

The visible imprint of human activity on a landscape.

Front 40

Sequent Occupance

Back 40

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

Front 41

Physical Geography, Natural (Physical) Landscape

Back 41

Study of physical phenomena on Earth, Landscape before the impact of man

Front 42

Medical Geography

Back 42

Branch of human geo which deals with how diseases are spread and traced in a space.

Front 43

Political Ecology

Back 43

Consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and understandings

Front 44

Remote Sensing
>GIS
>GPS

Back 44

RS: Collect info from satellite systems and aerial images
GIS: Used to compare spatial data and create maps which show patterns.
GPS: Allows us to locate things on Earth's surface using coordinates

Front 45

Geoid

Back 45

actual shape of the Earth (Earth is longer around the equator)

Front 46

Friction of Distance

Back 46

Spatial interactions will tend to take place more often over shorter distances; quantity of interaction will decline with distance

Front 47

Time/ Distance Decay

Back 47

How the prevalence of a trait lessens as it spreads further away from its hearth over time.

Front 48

Transferability

Back 48

Cost of moving goods from one place to another.

Front 49

Globalization

Back 49

The increasing economic, cultural, demographic, political, and environmental interdependence of different places around the world.

Front 50

Sustainablilty

Back 50

To use the Earth without abusing its resources for the benefit of future generations.

Front 51

Time-space convergence

Back 51

As communication increases efficiency, the distance between two places is effectively diminished.

Front 52

Place

Back 52

Human and physical characteristics that uniquely define a place on the Earth's surface

Front 53

Site vs. situation

Back 53

Site: The physical character of a place; what is found at the location.
Situation: The location of a place relative to other places.

Front 54

Idiographic vs. Nomothetic

Back 54

Idiographic: Unique characteristics of a place
Nomothetic: Concepts that can be applied universally