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252 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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The body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
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The characteristics of life and their descriptions
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Movement: Change in Position
Responsiveness: Reaction to Change Growth: Increase in Size Reproduction: Production of New Organism and New Cells Respiration: Obtaining Oxygen, Removing Carbon Dioxide, Releasing Energy from foods Digestion: Breakdown of Food Substances Absorption: Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation: Movement of Substances in body fluids Assimilation: Changing of absorbed substances into other substances Excretion: Removal of Wastes |
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Maintenance of Life
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Water: Most abundant substance in the body, required for metabolic processes, required for transport, regulates body temperature
Food: Supplies energy and raw materials Oxygen: One-fifth air, used to release energy from nutrients Heat: Form of energy, partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure: atmospheric: important for breathing; hydrostatic: keeps blood flowing |
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The serous membrane (visceral and parietal).
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Thoracic Membranes: Visceral Pleura, Parietal Pleura, Visceral Pericardium, Parietal Pericardium
AbdominoPelvic Membranes: Visceral Peritoneum, Parietal Peritonium Visceral: Cover an organ Parietal: Lines a cavity or body wall Pleura: Lungs Pericardium: Heart |
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Types of body sections
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Sagittal/Midsagittal/Median: Left/Right
Transverse: Cross/Top-Bottom Coronal/Frontal: Front to Back |
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Terms of relative position
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Superior: Above
Inferior: Below Anterior: Front Posterior: Back Medial: Closer to Imaginary line Lateral: Further from Imaginary line Ipsilateral: Structures on the same side Contralateral: Structures on Different sides Proximal: Closer to the trunk Distal: Further from the trunk Superficial: Near Surface Deep: More Internal |
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Define anatomical position
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The body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward
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Define anatomy and physiology
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Anatomy: Study of structure
Physiology: Study of Function |
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Body cavities
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Dorsal Cavity: Made up of the Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal
Abdominopelvic Cavity: Made up of the Abdomin Cavity and Pelvic Cavity Ventral Cavity: Made up of Thoracic Cavity, the diaphragm and Abdominopelvic Cavity |
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Body regions and body quadrants
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4: Quadrants: Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower
Epigastric Region: Upper Middle Hypochondriac Region: L/R of Epigastric Region Umbilical Region: Center Lumbar Region: L/R of Umbilical Region Hypogastric Region: Lower Middle Illiac Region: L/R of Hypogastric Region |
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The atomic weight
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Protons + Neutrons
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Atomic Number
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Number of Protons
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Define the atoms of the isotopes
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Same atomic number, but different atomic weights. Atoms with same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons
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The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum
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2 electrons
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The second electron shell can hold a maximum of
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8 electrons
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The rule of losing or gaining electron
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The octet rule: Always trying to become more stable. So if an atom is unstable it will either create an ionic bond or a covalent bond to gain stability
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Types of Chemical Reactions
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Synthesis: A + B AB
Decomposition: AB A + B Exchange: AB + CD AD + CB Reversable A + B AB |
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What is an acid, base and salt
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Acid: Electrolytes that release Hydrogen ions in H20
Base: Substances that release ions to combine with Hydrogen ions Salt: Electrolytes released by a reaction between an acid and a base |
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The difference between organic and inorganic substance
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Organic substances: Contain C + H, Usually larger than inorganic molecules, dissolve in water and other organic liquids. (Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Inorganic Substances: Generally do not contain C, usually smaller than organic molecules, dissolves in H20 or reacts to release H ions, important to metabolic reactions |
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Inorganic substance in cells
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Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Inorganic Salts
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Inonic vs Covalent Bonds
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Ionic Bonds: Lose or gain electrons for stability
Covalent Bonds: Sharing Bond |
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Matter
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Anything that takes up space and has weight
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Elements
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composed of chemically identical atoms
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Building Blocks of Carbohydrates
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Monosacchrides
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Building blocks of Fat
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Triglyceride
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Building Block of Proteins
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Amino Acid
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Building Blocks of Nucleic Acid
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Nucleotide
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Characteristics of Carbohydrates
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Provides energy to cells, supply materials to build cell structures, water soluble, contains C and H and O, and ratio of H to O is 2:1
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Characteristics of Fat
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Used primarily for Energy, Souluble in organic substances. Contains C, H and O, but less O than carbohydrates. Building blocks are triglycerides
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Characteristics of Protein
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Structural material, energy source, hormone receptors, enzymes, antibodies
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Characteristics of Nucleic Acid
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Constitutes Genes, Plays a role in protein synthesis. Building blocks are nucleotides.
DNA: Double nucleotide RNA: Single Nucleotide |
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Cytoplasmic Organelles (11)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Centrosomes, Peroxisomes, Cilia, Flagellum, Vesicles, and Microtubles and microfilaments
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Endoplasmic Reticullum
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connected, membrane bound sacs, canals and vesicles.
Transport System Rough E.R: Studded with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis Smooth E.R.: lipid synthesis and breakdown of drugs |
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Ribosomes
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Free floating or attached to the ER, site of protein synthesis
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Golgi Apparatus
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Group of flattened, membranous sacs, packages and modifies proteins
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Mitochondria
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Membranous sacs with inner partitions, generate energy
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Lysosomes
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enzyme containing sacs, digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances
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Peroxisomes
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enzyme containing sacs, breakdown organic molecules
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Centrosome
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two rod like centrioles, used to produce cilia, distributes chromosomes during cell division
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Cilia
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short, hairlike projections , propel substances on cell surface
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Flagellum
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long tail like projections, provides motility to sperm
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Vesicles
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membranous sacs used for the storage of substances
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Microfilament and Microtubules
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thin rods and tubules, support cytoplasm, allows for movement of organelles
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The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration depends upon the presence of
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Hydrostatic Pressure
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synape
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Between Neuron and skeletal muscle
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All or none response
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When a muscle fiber contracts, it contracts completely
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Neurotransmitter in Skeletal/ Smooth
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Skeletal: Acetylcholine
Smooth: Acetylcholine and Neropephrine |
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Transverse tubules and sacroplasmic reticullum are well developed in
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skeletal muscle fibers
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Muscle tone
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sustained state of partial contraction
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Muscle twitch
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Latent: Between time of stimula and response
Contraction: Time of contraction Relaxation: Time of Relaxation Refractory: Unresponsive to additional stimuli |
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Striated Appearance in Skeletal Muscle results from
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Sacromere arrangement
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Origin
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immoveable end of a muscle
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Recruitment
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Increase in Number of Motor Units Activated
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Cholinesterase
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Breaks down Acetylcholine
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Cause of muscle fatigue
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Decreased blood flow, ion imbalances, and an accumulation of lactic acid
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Sacroplasma
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Cytoplasm of a muscle
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Endomysium
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surrounding muscle fiber
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Perimysium
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Surrounding group/fascicle
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Motor unit
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single motor unit + all muscle fibers controlled by motor neuron
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Threshold stimulus
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minimal energy required to cause a muscle to contract
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insertion
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moveable end of a muscle
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I bands
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Thin, actin
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A band
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Thick and thin, myosin & actin
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H zone
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Thick, myosin
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Types of contraction
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isotonic: changes in length such as Concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening)
isometric, no change in length |
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Sliding filament theory
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sacromeres shorten, thick and thin filaments slide past another, hzones and i bands get narrower, and z lines move closer together
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Synaptic Vescicle
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end of neuron, stores neurontransmitter
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oxygen debt
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amount of oxygen required by the liver to convert lactic acid to glucose
o2 not available glycolysis continues pyruvic acid converts to lactic acid liver converts lactic acid to glucose |
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neurotransmitter
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stored in vescicle at end of motor nerve
stimulates receptors (motor end plate) in muscles |
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epimysium
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surrounding skeletal muscle
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myofibrils
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myosin and actin
thick composed of myosin thin composed of actin |
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Sacroplasmic Reticulum
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stores calcium
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Self exciting fibers result in
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cardiac muscle contraction
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motor neuron
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neuron that controls effectors
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Skeletal muscle
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attached to bone
under conscious control striated fatigued multinucleic acetylcholine |
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sacromere
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functional unit of contraction
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muscles of mastication
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masstetter
temporalis medial pterygoid lateral pterygoid |
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Triad
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cisterna of sacroplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules
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Sacrolemma
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cell membrane of a muscle
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energy source for contraction
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creatine phosphate (primary)
cellular respiration both release atp |
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Smooth Muscle
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walls of viscera, blood vessels, skin
not under conscious control not striated ACH, NEOP, Hormones, Stretching No Transverse Tubules Single Nucleus |
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Excitation Contraction
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Calcium combines with troponin to change shape
Position of tropomyosin altered binding sites on actin exposed actin and myosin bind |
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What is myelin & Function
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lipid and protein outside axon, insulator for impulse
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Autonomic Nervous System Controls
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Viscera and Glands
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Function of Nervous System
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Receiving, Decoding, and Reacting to Stimuli
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Threshold Stimulus
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enough to change membrane potential and propogate to axon
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Depolarization
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sodium channels open
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What produces myelin in the brain and spinal cord
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Oligodendrocytes
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Classification of neurons by structure/location
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Bipolar: 2 processes/eyes, ears, nose
Unipolar: one process, ganglia Multipolar: many processes, most neurons of the CNS |
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When a nerve fiber is polarized
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Na Ion concentration is high outside
K ion concentration high inside |
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If resting potential becomes more positive, membrane is said to be
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Depolarized
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Neuroglial Cells
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Accessory Cells
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Somatic Nervous System Controls
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Skeletal Muscle Contraction
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Central Nervous System consists of
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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Cells only found in the PNS
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Schwann Cells
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Types of Neuroglial Pools
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Convergence: Receives input from several neurons
Divergence: Neuron sends impulses to several neurons |
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Types of Neuroglial Cells & Function
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Schwann: PNS, myelinating cell
Astrocyte: CNS, Scar Tissue, mop up excess ions, induces synapse formation,connects neurons to blood vessels Ependeymia: CNS, ciliated, lines ventricles brain, canal of spinal cord Microglial: CNS, phagocytic Oligodendrocytes: CNS, myelinating cell |
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Periphereal Nervous System consists of
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Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
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Organs under voluntary control
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skeletal muscle
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When a nerve fiber is depolarized
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Na goes inside
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If resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is said to be
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Hyperpolarized
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Neurons
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Structural and Functional unit of the Nervous System
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Types of Synaptic Potentials
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EPSP: Depolarized, action potential more likely
IPSP: Hyperpolarized, action potential is less likely |
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Myelin is rich in what molecule
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lipids
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Organs under involuntary control
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Refractory Period
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Absolute: Threshold stimulus doesnt start another action potential
Relative: Threshold stimulus can start another action potential |
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Repolarization
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Potassium leaves cytoplasm
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Resting Membrane Potential
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inside is more (-) than outside
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Salitory Conduction
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Jumping of impulse from one nerve to another myelinated axon
faster than unmyelinated axon |
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Myelinated nerve fibers appear
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white
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Hyperpolarization
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Membrane potential becomes more (-)
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What produces myelin in the PNS
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Schwann Cells
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Unmyelinated nerve fibers appear
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Gray
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Classification of Nurons by Function
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Sensory: afferent, carry impulses to CNS, mostly unipolar, some bipolar
Integrative: links neurons, multipolar in CNS Motorneurons: Carry impulses away from CNS, carry impulses to effectors, multipolar |
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Major Cells of Connective Tissues
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Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast Cells
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Types of glands according to secretion
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Merrocrine
Apocrine Holocrine |
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Type of epithelium tissue that covers the kidney tubule and the ovaries
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Simple cuboidal
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Type of epithelium tissue with elongated cell which lines the uterus, stomach and intestine
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Simple columnar
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Epithelium Tissue that makes the outer layer of the skin
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Stratified Squamous
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Type of epithelium that line the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways
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Transitional
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The epithelium tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and air in the lungs
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Simple Squamous
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Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of
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Fibrous connective tissue
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Types of connective tissue fibers
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Reticular
Elastic Collagenous |
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Loose Connective Tissue contains
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Mainly Fibroblasts
Gel Like Matrix Collagenous Fibers Elastic Fibers |
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What determines the color of the skin
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Genetic Factors: Amount/Type of Melanin
Env. Factors: UV/XRAY/Sunlight Physio Factors: Dermal Blood Vessels Constricted/Dialated |
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Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels located in
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Dermis
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Autograft
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Donor is same person
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Shafts of hair are composed of
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Dead Epidermal Cells
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Types of cells of the epidermis (their characteristics
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Can Larry Get Some Brandy?
Stratus Cornium Stratus Lucidium Stratus Granulosum Stratus Spinosum Stratus Basale (Deepest) |
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Serous Membrane
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Lines organs that do not open to the outside
Thorax Abdomen |
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Homograft
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Donor is of the same species
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Types of Burns
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First Degree-Superficial, Partial Thickness
Second Degree-Deep, Partial Thickness Third Degree- Full Thickness, Extensive Scarring |
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Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken. Why?
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Stimulates production of melanin
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Layers of skin & what type of tissue
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Epidermis: Stratified Squamous
Dermis: irregular Dense Connective Tissue Subcateneous- Loose Connective, Adipose |
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A Normal response to loss of body heat in a cold environment
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Dermal Blood Vessels Constrict
Sweat Glands become Inactive Muscles Contract Involuntarily |
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A normal response to loss of body heat in a warm environment
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Dermal Blood Vessels Dilate
Sweat Gland Activate |
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What is the function of eccrine sweat glands and the function of apocrine gland
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Eccrine: Respond to Temperature All Over the Body
Apocrine: Creates Odors, wets skin during fear, pain, emotional upset, and sexual arrousal (arpit, groin, nipples) axilla |
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The function of Neuroglial cells in Nervous Tissue
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Support and bind nervous tissue
Give nutrients Phagocytic |
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Mucous Membrane
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Lines organs that open to the outside of the body
Throat Nose Mouth |
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Rule of Nines is used to estimate
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Surface Area of a Burn
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General characteristic of Connective Tissue
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Most abundant tissue
Has a matrix Varying levels of vascularity Cells readily divide |
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Bone cells are arranged in concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called
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Osteonic canals/central canals
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Skeletal Muscle is found
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attached to bones
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Cradiac muscle is found in the walls of the
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Heart
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Smooth muscle is found in the wall of the
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Visceral Organs
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The muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is
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skeletal muscle
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The four major tissues
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
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General Characteristics of Epithelium Tissues
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Covers organs and the body
Lines body cavities Lines Hollow Organs Have a free surface Have a basement membrane Avascular Cells Readily divide and are tightly packed Cells often have desmisomes |
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connective tissue fibers are produced by
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fibroblasts
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Difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle
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Skeletal Muscle-voluntary, striated, attached to bones
Cardiac: involuntary, striated, intercalated disks, found in wall of heart |
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Auditory
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Temporal Lobe
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Speech Area
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Brocha's Area
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Visual Area
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Occitipal Lobe
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Primary Sensory Area
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Parietal Lobe
Post Central Gyrus |
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Primary Motor Area
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Frontal Lobe
Pre Central Gyrus |
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Function of Cerebrum
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Interpretation
Initiating Voluntary Movements Storing Memory Retreiving Memory Reasoning Center for Intelligence and personality |
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Ends with Spinal
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Motor
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Starts with Spinal
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Sensory
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Descending
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Motor
From Brain to muscles and glands |
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Ascending
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Sensory
Going To Brain |
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Crossed Extension Reflex
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Flexor Muscle contract
Flexor muscles on opposite sides inhibbitted Extensor muscles on opposite sides contract for balance |
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Withdrawl Reflex
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protection
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Knee Jerk
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Maintain Posture
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Reflex Arc
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Receptor
Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Effector |
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Types of Ventricles
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3rd, 4th, lateral
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Cerebral Spinal Fluid
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Choroid Plexus
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Function of Cerbral Spinal Fluid
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nurtitive
protective maintains stable ion concentrations in CNS |
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What the brain waves are recording
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Cerebral Cortex 75% of neurons
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Function of hypothalamus
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Hunger, temperature, hormones
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Function of Thalamus
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Gateway for sensory impulse
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Parkinson's Disease
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Basal Nuclei stops producing Dopamine
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Dermatome is
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Area of sensory nerves of spinal cord dorsal root
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Somatic Nervous System connect to what fibers
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Skeletal
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Autonomic Nervous System connects to what fibers
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Visceral Organs, Smooth Fibers
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Cerebral spinal fluid is produced by ________ and functions to?
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Choroid Plexus; protects brain from skull
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Reticular Formation Function
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wakefullness
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Basal Nuclei
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Caudeate Nucleus
Putamen Globous Pallidus |
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Connects cerebral hemispheres
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Corpus collosum
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Two Cerebral hemispheres sepearted by
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Longitudinal Fissure
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Cerebrum and cerebellum seperated by
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Transverse Fissure
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Corticospinal controls function of
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skeletal muscle
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White matter
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Sensory or motor neurons
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Gray matter composed of
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interneuron
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Meninges
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Dura Mater
Pia Mater Arachoid Mater |
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Reticular Formation
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Filters incoming sensory information
Arouses state of wakefulness |
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Diencephalon composed of
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus |
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Coordinates Voluntary Movements
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Cerebellum
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Types of Memory
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Short: Doesn't Stay
Long: Has an overnight bag |
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Olfactory Receptors are examples of
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chemoreceptors
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Muscle spindle fibers are stimulated more when
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muscle tension decreases
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Rhodopsin is found in the
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Rods
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Color Receptors within the retina are sensitive to
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red
blue green |
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The lens of the eye thickens when the
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ciliary muscle contracts
suspensory ligament relaxes |
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Inner Tunic of the Eye
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Retina
Metricula |
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What stimulates
Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors Pain Receptors |
Chemicals
Temperature Pain |
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Glaucoma is caused by
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More pressure in Aquas Humerous
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Treatment for cataracs involves the removal of
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The lens
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The specialized senses are found
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in the head
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Middle Tunic of the Eye
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pupil
iris ciliary body choroid |
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The hearing receptors are
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Organ of Corti
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General senses are distributed in what pattern throughout the body
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All Over the Body
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Pain receptors differ from somatic receptors because
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They do not adapt
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Sensory Adaptaion
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Ability to ignore stimuli
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Another name for pain receptors
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Nociceptors
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Pain receptors
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Tissue Damage
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When you walk in a room and their is a stromng odor but it goes away after a while, what have you just experienced
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Sensory Adaptation
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Steroscopic Vision
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When images differ slightly from eye to eye
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Golgi Tendon Organ iss stimulated more when
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muscle tension increases
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Outer Tunic of Eye
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Cornea
Sclera |
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The primary Taste sensations are
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Sweet, Salty, Bitter, and Sour
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The two major components of the cell membrane and the structural arrangement of the membrane
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lipids and proteins
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The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration depends upon the presence of
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Hydrostatic Pressure
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Composition of a nucleolus of a cell
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RNA and Protein
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Simple Diffusion
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The tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a solution to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Facilitated diffusion requires protein channels or protein carriers
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Osmosis
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the diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
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Active Transport
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Movement against a concentration gradient is active transport. Active transport is similar to facilitated diffusion because it requires protein channels or protein carriers
Requires Cellular Energy |
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If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution
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Swell and eventually burst
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Phases of mitosis and their description
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Interphase:During interphase, a cell grows and maintains its routine functions as well as its contributions to the internal environments. DNA also replicates during interphase.
In prophase, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cytoplasm. In prophase, the nuclear envelope disappears. In prophase, microtubules form the spindle apparatus. In prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Centromeres are attachment sites of chromatids. In metaphase, spindle fibers attach to centromeres. In metaphase, the chromosomes align midway between centrioles. In anaphase, the centromeres of the chromatids separate. In anaphase, chromosomes move toward centrioles. Telophase begins when the chromosomes complete their migration toward the centrioles. In telophase, a nuclear envelope reforms. In telophase, chromosomes begin to elongate to form chromatin |
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If a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
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It will Shrink
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If a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution
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Nothing
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membrane surrounding two major parts of the cell
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Nucleus:Nuclear Envelope
Cytoplasm: Cell Membrane |
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Definition of selectively permeable membrane
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Is selective; lets some substances in and denies others access
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Hypertonic Solution
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Hypertonic solutions are solutions with a greater osmotic pressure than body fluids.
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Hypotonic Solution
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Hypotonic solutions are solutions with a lower osmotic pressure then body fluids
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Isotonic Solution
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Isotonic solutions are solutions with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids.
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Pinocytosis
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Pinocytosis is endocytosis of tiny droplets of liquids
***Endocytosis is the process of a cell engulfing a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance |
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Phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis is endocytosis of solids
***Endocytosis is the process of a cell engulfing a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance |
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A Gluecose Molecule is changed into two pyruvic acid molecules in
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Glycolysis
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What substance increases in amount during cellular respiration
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ATP
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Anaerobic Respiration occurs in
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Cytoplasm
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Characteristics shared by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
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high concentration goes to low concentration
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Arrangement of Cell Membrane
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Phospholipid bilayer
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Fundamental substance composed of atoms
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element
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Organic Substances
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Carbs
Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids |
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Inorganic substances in Cells
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Water
Oxygen CO2 Inorganic Salts |
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pH scale measures
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The hydrogen Ion concentration
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Acid, Base, Salts
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Acid: electrolytes that disassociate to release H+
Base: solution that combines with hydrogen ions Salt: Electrolytes, Neutralized |
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Rules of Gaining and Losing Electrons
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4 or less, you lose
5 or more you gain |
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Net Result of Citric Acid Cycle
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CO2, Hydrogen Atoms, and 2 ATP
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Carbohydrates are stored as
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Glucose, Fats (lipids)
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Function of Neuroglial cells in Nervous Tissue
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Support/Bind
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Epidermal Cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels located in
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Dermis
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Energy
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Capacity to promote change in a matter
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Aerobic Respiration
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Mitochondrian
Requires O2 |
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Anaerobic Respiration
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Cytoplasm
No O2 |
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Structure of enzyme and Function
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Protein, metabolism
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Hydrolysis Reactions Involve
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Adding H20 to break bonds
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Dehydration Synthesis
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Lose Water, then Build Bonds
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Catabolic Reaction
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Break Large into small
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Loose Connective Tissue
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Fibroblasts, Elastic Fiber, Gel like substances
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Whose Going to get an A?
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You Are
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