A&p Exam 4 Respiratory And Nervous System

Front 1

Where are the 4 paranasal sinuses located?

Back 1

Frontal bone, Spenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and Maxillary bone

Front 2

The nasopharynx is lined with what type of tissue?

Back 2

Ciliated pseucostratified epithelium

Front 3

Where is the Pharyngeal Tonsil located and what is the common name for it?

Back 3

located high on the posterior wall of the nasophayrnx adenoids

Front 4

The oropharynx is posterior to the oral cavity and opens into it at the archway called the?

Back 4

Fauces (the throat)

Front 5

Where do the palatine tonsils lie?

Back 5

in the lateral walls of the fauces

Front 6

Where is the Lingual tonsil?

Back 6

covers the base of the tonque

Front 7

The larynogopharynx is lined with what type of tissue?

Back 7

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Front 8

What are the 3 functions of the Larynx?

Back 8

provide open airway, to route air and food to different pathways, and to produce the voice

Front 9

All Laryngeal cartilages are Hyaline cartilages except for the?

Back 9

Epiglottis

Front 10

What is the Laryngeal Prominence

Back 10

the adam apples

Front 11

What anchors the vocal cords?

Back 11

Arytenoid

Front 12

The ninth cartilage of the larynx is the

Back 12

Epiglottis

Front 13

The Epiglottis is made of?

Back 13

Elastic tissue

Front 14

What moves the vocal cords?

Back 14

Arytenoid cartilages

Front 15

What makes up the false vocal cords?

Back 15

Vestibular Fold

Front 16

Below the vocal folds the lining is made of what tissue?

Back 16

Pseucostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 17

The vocal folds can act as a

Back 17

Spincter

Front 18

The site where the conducting zone changes to the respiratory zone is the?

Back 18

Bronchial Tree

Front 19

What is part of the lowest tracheal cartilage that expands, marking the point where the two primary bronchi branch out?

Back 19

Carina

Front 20

What are the thin walled air sacs which protrude from the smallest respiratory bronchioles?

Back 20

Alveoli

Front 21

What is the alveolar sac?

Back 21

Cluster of alveoli

Front 22

What are the two types of cells in the alveoli?

Back 22

Type I and Type II

Front 23

Type I alveoli cells are made of what tissue?

Back 23

Squamous epithelial cells lined up in a single layer

Front 24

Type II alveoli cells are made of what tissue?

Back 24

Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

Front 25

What is the fused basal lamina and the capillary and alveoilar epithelium with gas on one side and blood on the other?

Back 25

Respiratory Membrane

Front 26

Type I Alveolar cells secrete Angiotensin Converting Enzyme which can do what?

Back 26

Raise the blood pressure

Front 27

What organs are contained in the Mediastinum

Back 27

Heart, great blood vessels, bronchi, espohagus, and trachea

Front 28

What the surfaces of the lungs that come in close contact with the ribs?

Back 28

Costal SurfacesHilus

Front 29

What is the indentation near the mediastinum where the main blood vessels enter and leave the lung and where the primary bronchus begins to branch out?

Back 29

Hilus

Front 30

What is the small concavity on the left lung that molds to accommodate the heart?

Back 30

Cardiac Notch

Front 31

The two lobes of the left lung are divided by an?

Back 31

Oblique Fissure

Front 32

The three lobes of the right lung are divided by the

Back 32

Oblique Fissue and the horizontal fissure

Front 33

What are the two circulations of the lungs?

Back 33

Pulmonary circulation and the bronchial circulation

Front 34

This lung circulation is responsible for gas exchange

Back 34

pulmonary circulation

Front 35

This lung circulation is responsible for providing blood to the lung tissue itself

Back 35

Bronchial circulation

Front 36

What color is the right pulmmanary vein?

Back 36

Red, they carry oxygen rich blood to the heart from the lungs

Front 37

This pleura covers the thoracic wall and the superior surface of the diaphragm, lateral walls of the mediastinum

Back 37

Parietal Pleura

Front 38

This pleura covers the external lung surface, dipping into the fissures

Back 38

Visceral pleura

Front 39

Wah fills the pleural cavity?

Back 39

Pleural fluid

Front 40

Inflammation of the pleura is called?

Back 40

Pleurisy

Front 41

An excessive collection of fluid in the pleural sapce is called a?

Back 41

Pleural effusion

Front 42

The two phases of breathing are ?

Back 42

Inspiration and Expiration

Front 43

The pressure in the alveoli (P-pul)

Back 43

Intrapulmonary Pressure

Front 44

The pressure in the pleural cavity (P-ip)

Back 44

Intrapleural Pressure

Front 45

What is the amount of P-ip?

Back 45

-4mm Hg less than P-Pul if not the lungs would collapse

Front 46

Partial or complete collapse of lung tissue is called?

Back 46

Atelectasis

Front 47

Air in the intrapleural space is a

Back 47

Pneumothorax

Front 48

When the scalenes,m sternocleidomastoid and the pectoralis minor raise the ribs more and increase the tial volume is calle

Back 48

Deep Inspiration

Front 49

What is the normal Tidal Volume?

Back 49

500 mL

Front 50

The involves contraction of the abdominal wall muscles and the Internal intercostals

Back 50

Forced Expiration

Front 51

What is friction or drag in the respiratory passageways?

Back 51

Airway Resistance

Front 52

The distensibility or "stretch-ability" of lungs is called?

Back 52

Compliance

Front 53

The more a lung expands for a given pressure, the?

Back 53

Greater its compliance

Front 54

The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in quiet breathing is called?

Back 54

Tidal Volume ave is 500 mL

Front 55

The amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume is ?

Back 55

Inspiratory reserve volume ave 3100 mL in males

Front 56

The amount of air that can be evacuated or FORCED OUT after a tidal expiration is ?

Back 56

Expiratory Reserve volume ave is 1200 mL for males

Front 57

The amount of air left in the lungs after the most strenouse expiration?

Back 57

Residual Volume ave is 1200 mL in males

Front 58

The total amount of exchangeable air (sum of the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + the expiatory reserve volume is called the?

Back 58

Vital Capacity ave is 4800 mL in males

Front 59

The toal amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume) is called?

Back 59

Inspiratory Capacity ave is 3600 mL for males

Front 60

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration, it equals the residual volume + the expiratory reserve volume?

Back 60

Functional Residual Capacity Ave is 2400 mL in males

Front 61

The sume of all lung volumes

Back 61

6000 mL in males

Front 62

The air that fills the conducting respiratory passagesways and does not contribute to gas exchange is called the ?

Back 62

Anatomical Dead space usually 150 mL

Front 63

Alveoli that do not function are called?

Back 63

Alveolar Dead Space

Front 64

Alveolar dead space + Anatomical dead space = ?

Back 64

Total Dead Space

Front 65

What instrument is used for measure breathing

Back 65

Spirometer

Front 66

The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas

Back 66

Dalton's law of partial pressures

Front 67

When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gase will dissolve in the liquid in proportion ot its partial pressure

Back 67

Henry's Law

Front 68

What is the most potent chemical controlling respiration?

Back 68

CO2

Front 69

Three functions of Nervous system are

Back 69

Sensory input, Integration , and motor output

Front 70

Two main parts of the Nervous System are

Back 70

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 71

This consist of the brain and the spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity

Back 71

The Central Nervous System

Front 72

This is the part of the nervous system outside the central Nervous System

Back 72

Peripheral Nervous system

Front 73

These carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

Back 73

Spinal nerves

Front 74

These carry impulses to and from the brain

Back 74

Cranial nerves

Front 75

The PNS has two subdivisions

Back 75

The Afferent (Sensory) and Efferent (Motor)

Front 76

Sensory (afferent) divsion is composed of

Back 76

Somatic afferent fibers and visceral afferent fibers, carry impulses towards the CNS

Front 77

Somatic afferent fibers carry impules from where to the CNS?

Back 77

from skin muscles and joints to CNS

Front 78

Visceral afferent fibers carry impules from where to the CNS?

Back 78

Visceral organs

Front 79

Efferent (motor) divsion is composed of

Back 79

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System, transmits from the CNS to the effector organs

Front 80

Somatic Nervous system carry impules from the CNS to where?

Back 80

Axon from CNS to skeletal muscle, this is voluntary control

Front 81

Autonomic Nervous system carry impules from the CNS to where?

Back 81

axons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands Involantary control

Front 82

Sympathetic Autnomic Nervous system is responsable for

Back 82

(flight or fight response)

Front 83

ParaSympathetic Autnomic Nervous system is responsable for

Back 83

Disgestion

Front 84

Two main types of cells in the CNS

Back 84

Supporting cells (Neuroglia) and Neurons

Front 85

Small cells that surround and wrap the neurons are called

Back 85

Neuroglia

Front 86

Excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals

Back 86

Neurons

Front 87

Neuroglia are also known as

Back 87

Glial

Front 88

Where are the six types of glial cells located

Back 88

4 in the CNS and 2 in the PNS

Front 89

the astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes are all located in the

Back 89

CNBS

Front 90

Neuroglia (aka glial cells) provide a supportive scaffolding for?

Back 90

Neurons

Front 91

Glial cells outnumber neurons _____ in the CNS

Back 91

10:1

Front 92

Glial cells make up ___ of the mass of the brain

Back 92

1/2

Front 93

These are the most abundant and most versatile glial cell

Back 93

Astrocytes

Front 94

These glial cells are involved in the chemical blood brain barrier

Back 94

Astrocytes

Front 95

These glial cells are Shaped like delicate branching sea anemones (star shaped)

Back 95

Astrocytes

Front 96

These glial cells migrate toward damaged neurons, and transform inton macrophages that then phagocytize the neurons or bacteria or viruses

Back 96

Microglia

Front 97

These glial cells are the only form of the immune system present in the CNS

Back 97

Microglia

Front 98

These glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, forming a semi permeable barrier between the CSF and the tissues

Back 98

Ependymal Cells

Front 99

These glial cells have branches like astrocytes but with fewer processes

Back 99

Oligodendrocytes

Front 100

These glial cells line up along the thicker neuron fibers in the CNS producing Myelin Sheaths

Back 100

Oligodendrocytes

Front 101

What part of the oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheaths?

Back 101

Processe

Front 102

What are the two types neuroglia in the PNS?

Back 102

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

Front 103

These PNS neuroglia surround the neuron cell bodies

Back 103

Satellite cells

Front 104

These PNS neuroglia surround the larger nerve fibers in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around them

Back 104

Schwann cells

Front 105

A neuron is a ?

Back 105

nerve cell

Front 106

Special characteristics of Nerve cells

Back 106

conduct nerve impulses, have extrene longevity (100 yrs), they are usually amitotic (can't divide) , and have a very high metabolic rate so require a lot of O2 and Glucose

Front 107

Exceptions to the amitotic rule are olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions which contain?

Back 107

Stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life

Front 108

The neuron cell body is a ?

Back 108

Transparent round nucleus with a large nucleolus

Front 109

The cell body is called the ____ and is a major biosynthetic center of the neruron?

Back 109

Soma or perikaryon

Front 110

Neuron Cell bodies do not contain centrioles why?

Back 110

they do not divide

Front 111

What are the three mucosal covered projections on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

Back 111

Nasal Conchae

Front 112

What are cluster of cell bodies in the PNS called?

Back 112

Ganglia

Front 113

Bundles of processes in the CNS are called?

Back 113

Tracts

Front 114

Bundles of processes in the PNS are called?

Back 114

Nerves

Front 115

What lies between motor and sensory neurons, most of the cells in the CNS, make up 99% of the neurons in the body, most are multipolar and function to intergrate neural signals

Back 115

Interneurons (Association Neurons)

Front 116

Outside the cell what balandes the NA+?

Back 116

Cl-

Front 117

Inside the cell the negatively charged proteins balnace the ?

Back 117

K+

Front 118

This plays the most important role in generation of the membrane potential?

Back 118

K+

Front 119

What first ejects 3 Na+ from the cell and tehn transports 2 K+ back into the cell?

Back 119

ATP-driven sodium/potassium pump

Front 120

Phase 1 of the AP when the voltage gated channels are closed is called? (small amounts of K+ leak out)

Back 120

the resting state

Front 121

Phase 2 of the AP is?

Back 121

Depolarizing Phase

Front 122

Phase 3 of the AP is?

Back 122

the repolarizing phase

Front 123

If an axon is stimulated in the middle (at the nodes of Ranvier) the nerve impulse will move?

Back 123

Away in all directions

Front 124

The rate of impulse speed depends on Two factors?

Back 124

Axon Diameter and degree of myelination