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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the planes of reference: prone/supine |
prone: on your belly, palms up supine: on your back, palms down
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Describe the planes of reference: anterior/posterior, ventral/dorsal, superior/inferior, rostral/caudal |
anterior/posterior, front/back ventral/dorsal, belly/back superior/inferior, head/toes rostral/caudal, head/tail |
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Describe the planes of reference: superficial/deep, external/internal, medial/lateral, proximal/distal |
superficial/deep, shallow/deep external/internal, out/in medial/lateral, middle/sides proximal/distal near/far |
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Name the major functions of the four types of tissues. |
Epithelial: lines surfaces, tightly packed Connective: anchors structures/supports Muscular: movement Nervous: Communication |
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Characteristics of Epithelial tissue: (layers, shapes, basement membrane) |
Squamous (pavement lining blood vessels) Cuboidal (lines glands and secretory functions) Columnar (cylindrical lines stomach and intestines) Ciliated (lines nose, trachea, and bronchi ) Basement membrane made of collagen and adds stability |
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Characteristics of Connective tissue: (how many types, subcategories of each type) |
Loose: areolar (bed for skin), adipose (fat globules) Dense: tendons, ligaments, fascia, elastic Specialized: cartilage, blood, bone |
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What are the three types of cartilage? (appearance, flexibility, function) |
* Elastic (yellow, flexible) pinna, epiglottis, nose *hyaline (smooth, glassy, blue) articulates w/ bones, trachea, larynx, rib cage |
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What are the three parts of bone? (location, density) |
* Periosteum (covers bone) *Compact (hard outer layer) |
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Characteristics of Muscular tissue: (types and function of each) |
* Striated/ skeletal ( voluntary/conscious control) MT is contractile, described by origin/course/function. Pulls, never pushes. Broad or cyllindrical |
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Characteristics of Nervous tissue: |
Communicative, neurons (transmit info), glial cells (supportive and protective) |
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What are the three types of joint? (both names) |
Fibrous/immovable/synarthrodial Cartilaginous/slightly movable/amphiarthrodial Synovial/freely moving/diarthrodial |
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What are the subcategories of synarthrodial joints? Name an example of each. |
* Syndesmosis: banded by ligament (tib-fib ligament) *Suture: cranial bones |
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What are the subcategories of amphiarthrodial joints? Name an example of each. |
* Symphysis: bones joined by firbrocartilage (pubic symphysis, between vertebral disks) *Synchondrosis: involves hyaline cartilage such as R1> sternum |
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What are the subcategories of diarthrodial joints? Name an example of each. |
* Plane/Gliding: shallow/ flat – vertebra |
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How many vertebrae do we have in total? In each sub-group? |
(32-33 vertebrae) 7 - Cervical 12 - Thoracic 5 - Lumbar 5 - Sacral (fused) 3-4 Coccygeal (fused) |
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What are the structures of respiration? (think the big three groups) |
(bony thorax, visceral thorax, muscles) |
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Features of C1 vertebrae |
* Posterior tubercle (no spinous process), large superior articular facet (joint with skull base), and large vertebral foramen(for spinal cord |
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Features of C2 vertebrae |
* C2 = Axis, pivots skull *dens/odontoid process protudes superiorly to C1 to protect the spinal cord |
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Features of C3-7 vertebrae |
C3-C7 – long spinous process, transverse foramen (for nerves and blood vessels exiting the skull) |
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Features of thoracic vertebrae |
* Transverse Process and Spinous Process are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments |
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Features of lumbar vertebrae |
* Smaller transverse and spinous processes |
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Features of sacral and coccygeal vertebrae |
* Sacral (S1-S5, fused) -Sacral foramina is passage for spinal nerves to enter and exit spinal column.Fused vertebrae with remnants of spinous and transverse processes |
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Describe the landmarks of a vertebral disk. |
Corpus Pedicles lamina transverse process spinous process costal facets veterbral foramen |
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What types of joints are found in the spinal column? |
* Cartilaginous Amphiarthrodial Joints (firbrocartilage disks between vertebral bodies to withstand pressure/shock absorber) |
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Features of the ilium (coxal bone) |
-Ilium – large, wing-like. Iliac crest is attachment site for -respiratory muscles (Internal Obliques and Quadtratus lumborum) |
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Features of the pubis (coxal bone) |
-Pubis- medial most area with articulating pubic symphysis |
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Features of the ischium (coxal bone) |
-Ischium – inferior most bone |
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Describe the features of the pelvic girdle |
Sacral/coccygeal vert ilium ischium pubis bone pubic joint (symphysis) |
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Describe the features of the pectoral girdle |
Sacral/Coccygeal verterbra Ilium Pubis (bone) Ischium Pubic joint (amphiarthrodial, symphysis)
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What are the two bones of the pectoral girdle? Where do they articulate? |
* Pectoral Girdle- provides support for upper extremities |
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The rib cage can be divided in three groups. Describe the group R1-7 |
R 1-7: True ribs/vertebrosternal – direct attachment to sternum via chondral portion (articulate with sternum) |
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The rib cage can be divided in three groups. Describe the group R8-10 |
R 8-10: False ribs/vertebrochondral – attach to cartilaginous portion of R7 running superiorly up to sternum |
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The rib cage can be divided in three groups. Describe the group R11 & 12 |
R 11 & 12: Floating Ribs – vertebral with no anterior connections |
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What joints attach the ribs to the sternum anteriorly? |
* R1 is amphiarthrodial attachment to manubrium of sternum (SYNCHONDROSIS) |
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What joints attach the ribs to the vertebrae posteriorly? |
* (2 SYNOVIAL point of attachments) |
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What are the three landmarks of the sternum? |
* Manubrium: superior, sternal notch, articular cavities connect R1 to clavicle |
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What comprises the upper/lower respiratory tract? |
*Upper - nasal and oral cavities * Lower – Trachea, Bronchi |
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Describe the trachea. |
* 11-12 cm long, 16-20 C-shaped hyaline rings |
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Describe the bronchial tree. |
* Carina- point of bifurcation *Right - 3 lobar |
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Into what do lobar divide? |
* Terminal bronchioles with alveolar ducts (leads to alveoli) |
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What are the primary/secondary muscles of inspiration? |
Primary Muscles (Diaphragm and Intercostals) Accessory Muscles (Ventral thoracic, dorsal thoracic, and neck muscles) |
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What are the primary/secondary muscles of expiration? |
Forced expiration = abdominal muscles, secondary muscles in thorax, lower back muscles |
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What are the passive forces of exhalation? |
(recoil/torque, elasticity, intra-abdominal pressure, gravity) |
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Describe the function of the diaphragm. |
Air Flow- diaphragm flattens, pulls lungs down, increases lung capacity |
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How do the primary/secondary muscles of expiration function in forced expiration? |
reduce A-P and superior/inferior capacity by depressing rib cage and pulling down on ribs |
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What are the two primary demarcations of the abdominal aponeurosis? |
linea alba - middle linea semilunaris - on each side |
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Which nerves innervate the respiratory muscles? |
Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves |
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Which nerves innervate the diaphragm? |
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) innervates diaphragm (damage = paralysis of diaphragm) |
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Which nerves innervate the intercostals? |
Intercostal nerve (T1-T11) innervates intercostals(damage = paralysis of most accessory muscles) |
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What is the space between the lungs called? What does it contain? |
Mediastinum – space between sternum and vertebrae (heart, esophagus, nerves, and blood vessels) has loose connective tissue |
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What type of tissue is found in the lungs? |
minimal smooth muscle, mostly passive tissue |
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What are the pleural linings and what surfaces do they line? |
* Costal/parietal pleurae (adhered to rib cage) |
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What is Boyle's Law? |
Boyle’s Law: given constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related |
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What is atmospheric pressure? |
Atmospheric Pressure: pressure outside body (in relevant open space) |
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What is resting pressure? |
Resting pressure: pulmonary and atmospheric pressure are relatively equal |
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When forces are equal, air flows from ___ to ___ pressure to equalize |
high to low |
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What is active in quiet inhalation? |
Quiet Inhalation: diaphragm is active |
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What is active in forced inhalation? |
Forced Inhalation: diaphragm, thoracic, shoulder, and neck muscles active |
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What is active in quiet exhalation? |
Quite Exhalation: passive elasticity, recoil/torque, intra-abdominal pressure, gravity |
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What is active in forced exhalation? |
Forced Exhalation: abdominal and lower back muscles active |
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What does a spirometer measure? |
volume of air exhaled |
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What does a manometer measure? |
air pressure |
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Describe quiet respiration (cycles per minute, infants, 5yo, mL per cycle, minute volume) |
* Large alveoli increase at age 1 and 4 |
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What is tidal volume? include avg. volume in cc |
* Avg = 525cc
* Male = 600 cc * Female = 450 cc |
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What is IRV volume? include avg. volume in cc |
* Avg = 2500cc
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What is ERV volume? include avg. volume in cc |
* Avg = 1000cc
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What is residual volume? include avg. volume in cc |
* Avg = 1100cc
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What is dead air? include avg. volume in cc |
* Avg = 150cc
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What is vital capacity? include avg. volume in cc |
* TV+IRV+ERV = 4025cc
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What is inspiratory capacity? include avg. volume in cc |
* IRV+TV = 3025cc
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What is functional residual capacity? include avg. volume in cc |
* ERV+RV= 2100cc
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What is total lung capacity? include avg. volume in cc |
* VC+RV = 5125 cc
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What is P(alv) pressure? |
* Palv- alveolar pressure, at -2cm H2P Palv
* Air rushes in to equalize to Patm, then +2cm H2O Palv that causes recoil |
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What is P(atm) pressure? |
Patm- atmospheric pressure (reference of 0) |
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What is P(pl) pressure? |
Ppl - intrapleural pressure between parietal and visceral pleura (-6cmto-10cm H2O) |
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What is P(s) pressure? |
* Ps – subglottal pressure bellow vocal folds (equal to Pm and Palv when fold are open)
* Adducted fold increase Ps to allow for vocalization |
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What is P(m) pressure? |
* Pm – mouth/interoral pressure
* Equal to Ps and Palv when folds are open |
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How does respiration for speech compare to quiet respiration? (%) |
* Respiration for speech= 10% inhalation; 90% exhalation
* Quiet Respiration=40% inhalation ; 60% exhalation |
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What is checking action? |
Checking action: slow, controlled relaxation or controlled contraction of inhalatory (to ERV) and expiratory muscles (past ERV) |
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At what percent VC are you at a state of rest? What pressures are equal at this time? |
38% Vital Capacity: state of rest, Palv and Patm are equal |
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Another name for hinge joint? |
ginglymus |
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Another name for pivot joint? |
trochoid |
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Another name for ball & socket joint? |
spheroid (rotation only) condylar (shallower) |
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Another name for ellipsoid joint? |
condyloid |
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Another name for saddle joint? |
sellar |
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Another name for plane joint? |
gliding |
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What types of joint is found in between C1-C2? |
synovial (diarthrodial) joint all others are amphiarthrodial symphysis joints |
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Describe the posterior lumbar aponeurosis |
lumbodorsal fascia, thoracolumbar fascia - connects muscles to the vertebral column |
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What are the three types of cells found in the alveoli and what do they do? |
Type 1- epithelial Type 2- creates surfactant (soapy substance that allows pleurae to glide upon eachother) Phagocytes - clean (eat/decompose unwanted cells) |
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What is pulmonary pressure? |
pressure within the lungs |
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What are some variables that affect your lung capacity? |
Gender: males have greater Age: you max at 20, start decreasing at 25 Body size: bigger/taller may mean more space Flow resistance (any foreign body) Posture/body position |
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The ___ is the contracting muscle. The ___ returns the muscle motion. |
agonist, antagonist |
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What is the baseline membrane for epithelial tissues? |
Collagen |
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What do abduction and adduction mean? |
abd- open add- close |
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The internal IC do not connect directly to the _____. The external IC do not connect directly to the ____. |
Internal : don't touch vertebral column External: don't touch sternum |
